Words similar to cryptochrome
Example sentences for: cryptochrome
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We assume that the effects on sleep we observed in cry1 , 2 -/-mice are a result of a lack of cryptochrome -dependent inhibition of the transcriptional activation provided by the bHLH-PAS heterodimers CLOCK:BMAL1 and NPAS2:BMAL1 [ 19 20 37 ] , although cryptochromes also play a role in stabilizing and nuclear sequestration of PER proteins [ 38 ] , and in photoreception [ 39 ] . Lack of cryptochromes results in increased mRNA levels of CLOCK/NPAS2:BMAL1 target genes, including the circadian genes per1 and per2 [ 20 23 ] . The expression of these two genes is viewed as a state variable of the molecular circadian clock or a marker of CLOCK/NPAS2:BMAL1-induced transcription, although at least per1 transcription can also be (rapidly) induced by light [ 40 41 ] , through a CREB-dependent signaling pathway [ 42 43 44 ] . The observation of high brain levels of per1,2 transcripts under baseline conditions in cry1,2 -/-mice raises the possibility that these or other CLOCK/NPAS2:BMAL1 target genes are involved in the homeostatic regulation of sleep.
SUB1 was identified as a protein involved in the cryptochrome and phytochrome signaling pathways [ 50].
Deletion of the cryptochromes disinhibits the transcriptional activation of CLOCK:BMAL1 and NPAS2:BMAL1 target genes, resulting in increased levels of their transcripts in the SCN, liver, and retina [ 20 23 25 ] . We assayed the expression in the brain of three genes that are known targets of cryptochrome mediated transcriptional inhibition: albumin D-binding protein ( dbp [ 26 ] ), period (per)1 , and per2 [ 20 23 27 ] , in the middle of the daily light period.
Previous studies of cryptochrome's chronobiological role in Drosophila emphasized that CRY may function as a deep brain photoreceptor involved in mediating resetting of the clock by light [ 26 ] . Support for this hypothesis came from the observation that locomotor-activity rhythms in cry b flies are unaffected in constant darkness and also maintain rhythmicity under constant light, a condition that causes behavioral arrhythmicity in the wild type [ 33 ] . While antennal rhythms of gene expression and of odor sensitivity in DD are significantly attenuated in cry b tissues ( [ 23 ] , unlike locomotor rhythmicity [ 21 ] ), it remained possible that such effects are due to an altered role of light on the developing clock.
We previously employed luc reporting to study the effects of a cryptochrome mutation ( cry b ), concentrating on clock gene expression in isolated antennal pairs from Drosophila [ 23 ] . Earlier studies established that cry encodes a 'deep-brain' element of the photoreceptive pathway to the circadian clock [ 24 25 26 ] . But our study suggested a different role for cry in the periphery, because antennal rhythmicity in mutant specimens was dramatically reduced in constant darkness [ 23 ] , an effect that is not consistent with the idea that the encoded protein (CRY) functions solely as a photoreceptor for the circadian system [ 24 25 ] .
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