Words similar to covalent
Example sentences for: covalent
How can you use “covalent” in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:
Because our integrin-CD98 complex was observed in light membrane fractions and not in dense sucrose gradient fractions, and because we could not capture the complex by covalent crosslinking (not shown), the interaction may not be direct.
The hedgehog ( hh ) gene was identified two decades ago in Drosophila as a critical regulator of cell-fate determination during embryogenesis [ 1 ] . Subsequent work in several model systems has defined and characterized the Hh gene family that encodes highly conserved secreted signaling proteins (for review see [ 2 ] ). Hedgehog (Hh) proteins are synthesized as approximately 45 kDa precursors that autoprocess in an unprecedented fashion, resulting in the covalent attachment of a cholesterol moiety to the amino-terminal half of the precursor [ 2 ] . This processed amino-terminal domain, Hh-Np, is responsible for the activation of a unique and complex signaling cascade that is essential for controlling cell fate throughout development and into adulthood [ 2 ] . In mammals there are three Hh-family proteins: Sonic (Shh), Indian (Ihh), and Desert (Dhh).
A structure model of ButaIT, generated from the Swiss-model protein modeling server based on the structural coordinates of chlorotoxin [ 38 ] and insectotoxin I5A [ 22 ] showed that ButaIT adopts a typical core structure of scorpion toxins primarily composed of one α-helix and three β-strands with four disulfide bridges, a feature similar to other toxins of similar size that act on K +and Cl -channels [ 17 31 34 38 ] . It is also evident from the data that disulfide bridge formation in ButaIT likely follows a common motif, with covalent links between cysl6-cys32, cys5-cys27, cys20-cys34 and an additional disulfide bridge between cys2 and cys 19 which cross-links the N-terminal strand of the β-sheet to the α-helix.
Human Fhit protein, a member of the Fhit branch of the histidine triad superfamily of nucleotide-binding proteins, binds and hydrolyzes diadenosine polyphosphates such as ApppA and AppppA ( 1 ) into AMP plus ADP and ATP, respectively [ 8 9 10 ] . His96, which is responsible for covalent catalysis and more than 4× 10 6-fold of rate enhancement in ApppA hydrolysis [ 9 11 12 13 ] , is nonetheless dispensable for ApppA-binding and tumor suppression, suggesting that Fhit function in tumor suppression depends on formation of an E-S complex [ 2 12 ] . If Fhit-substrate complexes promote tumor suppression by stimulating a pro-apoptotic effector, then Fhit inhibitors that resemble natural substrates may promote Fhit function.
In recent years it has become clear that covalent modification of histones, transcription factors and other chromosomal proteins plays a major part in the dynamics of chromatin.
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