Words similar to costimulation
Example sentences for: costimulation
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In this report, an attempt is made to reconcile the findings of general T cell costimulation versus specific Th2 biasing by CD81 in human T cells.
However, CD28-deficient T cells from proteoglycan-immunized animals can proliferate in response to proteoglycan stimulation in vitro , albeit at a rate lower than that in wild-type T cells, which is consistent with the report by Oliveira-dos-Santos et al . [ 30 ] . It has been demonstrated that, in the absence of CD28 engagement, T cells require very high TCR occupancy and prolonged stimulation, whereas CD28 costimulation allows T cells to respond to lower degrees of TCR occupancy [ 30 31 ] . In support of this observation, CD28 -/-mice can still mount immune responses, which vary in magnitude and efficiency depending on the antigen or infectious agent [ 30 32 ] . Our results and those reported by others [ 30 ] suggest that CD28 may regulate the threshold for T-cell activation.
Since CD81 signaling has been implicated in the mouse to be preferentially important for Th2-dominated responses [ 21 ] , it was examined whether CD81 costimulation in human T cells preferentially induced Th2 cytokine production over Th1 cytokine production.
Specific CD98-integrin interaction occurs in the context of low density protein-lipid microdomains, possibly resembling lipid rafts [ 34 35 ] . Several important signaling molecules, including activated TCR, LAT and LCK are present in organized raft-type microdomains, and integrity of these microdomains is necessary for T cell receptor signal transduction [ 36 37 ] . Our present discovery that β1 integrins specifically associate with CD98 in lipid microdomains helps to explain the functional connections between β1 integrins and CD98 during T cell costimulation, monocyte fusion, and elsewhere.
Thus, the primary mechanism by which CD81 costimulation induces Th2 bias in long-term stimulation appears to be a greater induction of proliferation in IL-4-producing cells.
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