Example sentences for: cofactors

How can you use “cofactors” in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:

  • The Zn-ribbons are widespread, small domains that are comprised of two β-hairpins bounded by consecutive extended regions stabilized by metal-coordinating residues in the hairpin loops [ 67 68 69 70 ] . Zn-ribbons are present in a variety of nucleic-acid-binding proteins, including several ribosomal proteins, translation factors, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, RNA polymerase cofactors in archaea and eukaryotes, and several transcription factors.

  • It will be interesting to see how well Ahab performs in situations where the concerted binding of cofactors constrains the spacing of binding sites [ 13 14 ] .

  • Cumulatively, however, these observations do suggest a mechanism whereby HIV-1 expression in renal epithelium may induce cyclin D 1 : activation of Src-family kinases by Nef would be expected to up-regulate cyclin D 1 gene expression and promote the synthesis and stabilization of cyclin D 1 protein via Src-Ras-MAPK and Src-PI3K-mTOR signal transduction pathways, respectively [ 32 33 34 ] . Interestingly, our unpublished in vitro observations and published data showing marked expression of basic fibroblast growth factor in the interstitium of HIVAN kidneys [ 35 ] suggest that soluble mitogens may be important cofactors with HIV-1 expression to induce cyclin D 1 . Thus, interrupting HIV-1 gene expression should down-regulate cyclin D 1 and correct the phenotypic abnormalities in infected podocytes.

  • ERα enhances AP-1 activity in response to estrogens, [ 28 29 ] but ERβ inhibits AP-1 activity in response to estrogens [ 29 30 31 ] . ERβ also completely suppresses ERα activity at the cyclin D1 promoter and even suppresses the activity of an ERα mutant that is selectively superactive at AP-1 sites and CREs [ 29 ] . Finally, ERβ shows a unique capacity to enhance AP-1 activity in response to selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) such as raloxifene, tamoxifen and ICI 182,780/Faslodex (ICI) [ 30 31 32 ] . Together, these observations suggest that there are fundamental differences in the way that the ERs bind unspecified cofactors that modulate gene expression, and that some of these cofactors must play a role in differential ER activity at AP-1 sites.

  • ERβ might bind to yet more cofactors that contain variant NR boxes that resemble the β-box.


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