Words similar to co-stimulatory
Example sentences for: co-stimulatory
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Crosses of Rip1-Tag5 mice to transgenic mice that either increased the abundance of anti-Tag CD4 +T cells (TCR1) [ 28 ] or rendered the tumor cells co-stimulatory (Rip-B7-1) [ 31 ] dramatically enhanced the infiltration of premalignant lesions, but not of solid tumors [ 22 ] . Additionally, ex vivo stimulated Tag-specific CD4 +T cells were transferred into Rip1-Tag5.
The CD98 (4F2, FRP-1) molecule, a cell surface disulfide-linked heterodimer, was originally described as a T cell activation antigen [ 1 ] , and later was shown to provide a co-stimulatory signal for CD3-mediated T-cell activation [ 2 ] , independent of CD28/CD80/CD86 interaction [ 3 ] . In other studies, triggering of human monocyte CD98 could suppress T cell proliferation [ 4 ] , or promote homotypic cell aggregation of monocytes [ 5 ] . Also, CD98 may be a target antigen for natural killer cells [ 6 ] , may mediate fusion of blood monocytes leading to osteoclast formation [ 7 8 ] , and may modulate hematopoietic cell survival and differentiation [ 9 ] .
Instead, in the mid '80s it was found that the activation of co-stimulatory molecules like CD28 expressed by T cells via ligands such as B7 expressed by antigen presenting cells (APC), deliver additional signals that synergize with those emanating from the TCR, and result in maximal IL-2 gene transcription [ 23 ] . As well, CD28 activation stabilizes IL-2 mRNA transcripts, prolonging IL-2 mRNA life span [ 24 ] . Thus, in addition to soluble macrophage-derived products, cell surface molecules expressed by APCs also contribute to the 2 ndsignal attributed to the APCs.
With the discovery of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) in 1983 [ 20 21 22 ] it was possible to demonstrate that the first signal is delivered via antigenic activation of the TCR [ 12 ] . Subsequently, discovery of accessory "co-stimulatory" molecule expression by "helper" T cells (Th), revealed that activation solely of the TCR itself was insufficient to fully activate IL-2 gene expression and T cell proliferation.
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