Words similar to ceramide
Example sentences for: ceramide
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To confirm specificity of ceramide in triggering CLENDO cell death, cultures were treated with sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P; 10 or 50 μM; BioMol; Plymouth Meeting, PA) for 48 h.
Under these conditions apoptosis may result from the production of cytokines [ 1 ] , cell activation [ 2 3 4 ] , infective agents [ 5 ] and adverse responses to pharmaceuticals [ 6 7 ] . Depending on the agonist or eliciting milieu, apoptotic cell death is accompanied by the activation of various cell death pathways including caspases, ceramide, altered gene expression, mitochondrial dysfunction and consumption of ATP e.g., with DNA repair, that result in histone-associated DNA fragmentation [ 8 9 ] . Many of these cell death pathways are also associated with the secondary production of oxidants [ 10 ] which appears to contribute to the magnitude of cell death.
The amount of ceramide generated by CLENDO cells in response to TNFα treatment (50 ng/ml) was determined in three independent sets of experiments via the diacyl glycerol kinase assay as described [ 26 40 ] . Each experiment contained an untreated control that was used for comparison with TNFα treated samples.
Sphingomyelin content and luteal cell membrane fluidity decrease during luteolysis in vivo [ 48 49 50 51 ] . Ceramide, a product of sphingomyelin hydrolysis, is a potent stress-activated second messenger and is well established as a functional component of death receptor-mediated apoptosis [ 52 53 54 ] . Upon treatment of CLENDO cells with TNFα, we observed a rapid and sustained increase in the production of ceramide, suggesting that the sphingomyelin pathway is present and active in these cells.
Changes in ceramide production in response to TNFα treatment were presented as a percentage of the untreated control value.
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