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Example sentences for: by

How can you use “by” in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:

This protein acts as inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (the "cell cycle engine" [ 50 ] ), and its elevated expression has been consistently demonstrated in different cell types after the disruption of cell-matrix interactions (compare Figure 1and [ 31 32 51 52 ] ). Furthermore, p27 Kip1is an established target of PTEN signaling, i.e., its activity has been found increased after the forced expression of exogenous PTEN [ 53 54 55 56 ] . In combination with the data presented in this manuscript, it therefore appears that PTEN contributes to anchorage-dependent growth control by a two-fold approach: the dephosphorylation of the signaling molecule FAK in combination with the stimulation of the cell cycle inhibitor p27 Kip1.
By allowing random mutations to accumulate only in surviving lineages, a researcher may inadvertently bound mean fitness away from zero, and thereby bias the shape of the fitness function versus mutation number from synergy toward antagonism.
The third key element, "obtained by extensive description and analysis," has three components.
Attempts to increase specificity in the all DAP condition by raising the temperature during hybridization from 37°C to 42°C or 47°C were unsuccessful (data not shown).
Other salinities can be prepared by making the appropriate dilutions.