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Example sentences for: blebs
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Although the cellular mechanisms remain poorly defined, it is now clear that zeiosis is associated with apoptotic cell death (for review [ 24 30 ] ). In static images, the morphological changes associated with apoptosis appear as membrane blebs covering the surface of the cells [ 31 32 33 ] . However, time-lapse images reveal that blebs protrude and retract in a dynamic fashion, a hallmark of zeiosis [ 22 23 ] . Dynamic membrane blebbing appears to involve a dramatic change in the cytoskeleton and may be induced by a caspase-3-mediated cleavage of ROCK-I, a Rho-activated serine/threonine kinase known to stimulate actinomycin-based contractions [ 31 32 33 ] . A similar profile can be seen in the videos of MTX-induced cell death in the presence of U73343 ( Files 2 and 3 ). The cells first lose adhesion to the coverslip, retract and roundup.
One study documented peroxide-induced membrane blebbing after a short time stimulation of endothelial cells [ 22 ] . Although MP-release was not investigated, authors showed micrographs of stimulated cells with membrane blebs of about 3 μm in diameter.
However, during MTX-induced cytolysis, as indicated by the release of LDH, the membrane blebs actually exhibit a dramatic increase in diameter.
, 20 min after addition of MTX) large membrane blebs were observed on essentially all the cells within the field of view (Fig 5A, see examples indicated by blue arrows ). Additionally, clear staining of the nucleus and cytoplasm by ethidium was observed at this time.
The second major conclusion supported by the results of the present study is that MTX apparently has an effect on BAECs that is independent of the rise in [Ca 2+] i . We previously showed that MTX causes the appearance of membrane blebs on the surface of the endothelial cells [ 3 ] . Initially these blebs are of small diameter (3-5 microns) and bleb formation correlates with the first phase of vital dye uptake.
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