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Example sentences for: blebs
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The second major conclusion supported by the results of the present study is that MTX apparently has an effect on BAECs that is independent of the rise in [Ca 2+] i . We previously showed that MTX causes the appearance of membrane blebs on the surface of the endothelial cells [ 3 ] . Initially these blebs are of small diameter (3-5 microns) and bleb formation correlates with the first phase of vital dye uptake.
However, over the course of the single cell experiments we noticed that BAECs treated with MTX not only accumulate vital dyes, but also undergo an enormous reorganization of the plasma membrane to form giant membrane blebs.
Although the cellular mechanisms remain poorly defined, it is now clear that zeiosis is associated with apoptotic cell death (for review [ 24 30 ] ). In static images, the morphological changes associated with apoptosis appear as membrane blebs covering the surface of the cells [ 31 32 33 ] . However, time-lapse images reveal that blebs protrude and retract in a dynamic fashion, a hallmark of zeiosis [ 22 23 ] . Dynamic membrane blebbing appears to involve a dramatic change in the cytoskeleton and may be induced by a caspase-3-mediated cleavage of ROCK-I, a Rho-activated serine/threonine kinase known to stimulate actinomycin-based contractions [ 31 32 33 ] . A similar profile can be seen in the videos of MTX-induced cell death in the presence of U73343 ( Files 2 and 3 ). The cells first lose adhesion to the coverslip, retract and roundup.
The videos presented demonstrate that COP activation as indicated by vital dye uptake correlates in time with the formation of membrane blebs, and that membrane lysis, i.e., LDH release, is associated with dramatic bleb dilation.
In the continuous presence of MTX, blebs continue to swell and in many cases seem to disappear as they dilate and extend out of the focal plane.
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