Words similar to ampa
Example sentences for: ampa
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The possibility that domoic acid may activate neonatal microglia both in vitro and in vivo is suggested by recent observations with kainic acid, a domoic acid and glutamate analog that can induce upregulation of neonatal microglia scavenger receptor mRNA [ 22 ] and tissue plasminogen activator release [ 23 ] . The putative molecular explanation for these observations has been that kainic acid activates the ionotropic AMPA glutamate GluR4 subunit which has recently been shown to be expressed by activated microglia following transient forebrain ischemia in vivo [ 24 ] . Because this subunit of the AMPA glutamate receptor has affinity for domoic acid [ 25 26 27 ] , we hypothesized that domoic acid might activate neonatal microglia in vitro and lead to concomitant mediator release [ 21 ] .
AMPA, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid; DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium; FBS, fetal bovine serum certified; FCC, ferricytochrome c type III; HBSS, Hank's balanced salt solution; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase-9; O 2 -, superoxide; P, penicillin; PBS, phosphate buffered saline; PMA, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate ; RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; S, streptomycin; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor.
Prior to testing our hypothesis experimentally, and determining whether domoic acid had the potential to directly activate rat neonatal microglia in vitro, we thought that it was of critical importance to establish that: (1) the domoic acid preparation used in these experiments was stable, (2) rat neonatal microglia isolated by our methodology expressed the AMPA glutamate receptor GluR4 subunit which has been observed in activated rat microglia in vivo [ 24 ] and, (3) to confirm that the domoic acid concentration selected for our in vitro studies with rat neonatal microglia was one that was clearly toxic to neuronal cells in vitro after a short-term exposure.
It has been shown that the AMPA receptors can move in and out of synapses as synaptic connections are strengthened and weakened [ 31, 32, 33].
The activation of CaMKII then catalyzes the phosphorylation of AMPA-receptors and enhances AMPA receptor responsiveness [ 37, 39, 40, 60].
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