Words similar to ampa
Example sentences for: ampa
How can you use “ampa” in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:
in vivo following transient forebrain ischemia [ 24 ] and also in vitro by rat neonatal microglia [ 41 ] . Because it is well established that AMPA glutamate receptors bind domoic acid with high affinity in the nanomolar range [ 25 ] , we investigated the presence of GluR4 in rat neonatal microglia used in our in vitro experiments by a dual-labeling indirect immunofluorescence technique.
In contrast to previous observations that the AMPA receptor expression is relatively constant in glutamate sensitive neurons [ 26], recent studies have shown that the expression of AMPA receptor subunits, especially GluR1, the major functional subunit of the AMPA receptor [ 11] is regulated developmentally at regional, cellular, and synaptic levels [ 27, 28, 29, 30].
Prior to testing our hypothesis experimentally, and determining whether domoic acid had the potential to directly activate rat neonatal microglia in vitro, we thought that it was of critical importance to establish that: (1) the domoic acid preparation used in these experiments was stable, (2) rat neonatal microglia isolated by our methodology expressed the AMPA glutamate receptor GluR4 subunit which has been observed in activated rat microglia in vivo [ 24 ] and, (3) to confirm that the domoic acid concentration selected for our in vitro studies with rat neonatal microglia was one that was clearly toxic to neuronal cells in vitro after a short-term exposure.
Our results clearly confirmed that GluR4 was present in the rat neonatal microglia used in our in vitro studies with domoic acid, demonstrating that the protocol used in our laboratory to isolate microglia did not appear to affect the presence of the AMPA glutamate receptor GluR4 subunits and their colocalization with the CD 11 b/c integrin.
AMPA, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid; DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium; FBS, fetal bovine serum certified; FCC, ferricytochrome c type III; HBSS, Hank's balanced salt solution; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase-9; O 2 -, superoxide; P, penicillin; PBS, phosphate buffered saline; PMA, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate ; RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; S, streptomycin; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor.
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