Words similar to well-characterized
Example sentences for: well-characterized
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Insulin transduces its cellular signal in most cell types via two signaling pathways, i.e., the p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) pathway [ 8 ] . Insulin initially binds to the insulin receptor causing autophosphorylation of the β-subunit of the receptor [ 8 ] . The protein kinase domain of the β-subunit then phosphorylates tyrosine residues in insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1, IRS-2, IRS-3, or Shc, which then activates the p44/42 MAPK signaling cascade [ 8 ] . PD98059 is a cell permeable, non-competitive, reversible inhibitor of MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK), a protein kinase upstream of p44/42 MAPK [ 9 ] . Tyrosine phosphorylated IRS also activates the PI 3-kinase pathway [ 8 10 ] . There are at least three, well-characterized inhibitors of the PI 3-kinase pathway, i.e., wortmannin, LY294002, and rapamycin [ 11 12 13 ] . Wortmannin and LY294002 block the activation of PI 3-kinase itself [ 11 12 ] , while rapamycin prevents the phosphorylation of a downstream effector in the pathway, p70 S6 kinase [ 13 ] .
The drug intervention consisted of annual treatment with diethylcarbamazine (DEC) and albendazole and was monitored by collecting data in 4 well-characterized sentinel sites.
Unfortunately, the number well-characterized enhancers/promoters available for transgene expression is limited.
Recently, the clinical features and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) associations of a well-characterized cohort of patients with synovitis of recent onset were presented [ 26].
DNA sequencing analysis showed that the npa1-1/sec23 mutant was identical to the well-characterized sec23-1 ( S383L ) mutant allele [ 43 ] .
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