Words similar to wakefulness
Example sentences for: wakefulness
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Thus, in both nocturnal and diurnal species, per expression in the cortex is maximal in conjunction with the major waking episode [ 37 49 50 ] . Under conditions where the phase (methamphetamine administration, restricted feeding) or distribution (circadian splitting) of locomotor activity is altered, per expression in the cortex parallels the overt rhythm of wakefulness, whereas the circadian oscillation of per gene expression in the SCN remains unaffected [ 49 51 52 ] . Thus, in contrast to its role in the SCN, PER protein in the cortex is not a component of a self-sustaining circadian oscillator [ 53 ] . Instead, per expression in the cortex seems to the follow sleep-wake history, consistent with the hypothesis that it is related to homeostatic regulation of sleep.
Homeostatic and circadian mechanisms interact to determine the duration and quality of sleep and wakefulness [ 3 4 5 ] . Homeostatic regulation of sleep can still be observed in animals that lack circadian rhythms after lesioning of the SCN [ 6 7 8 9 ] , suggesting that circadian rhythms and sleep homeostasis are independent processes.
Although past studies have shown that extended periods of wakefulness cause changes in gene expression (for review see [ 15 ] ), no causal relationship between changes in gene expression and sleep homeostasis has been identified.
The time constants describing the dynamics of the increasing NREMS drive during wakefulness and decreasing NREMS drive during NREMS [ 10 14 ] are compatible with a role for changes in gene expression in their regulation.
We tested the assumption of a relationship between delta power and the sleep-wake history by using a mathematical method that predicts the level of EEG delta power occurring in individual NREMS bouts based on the 42 h sequence of 10-sec behavioral state scores for individual animals [ 10 ] . With this analytical tool, the time constants of the increasing delta power during wakefulness and its decrease during NREMS are estimated.
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