Words similar to viruses
Example sentences for: viruses
How can you use “viruses” in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:
Genetic heterogeneity is a hallmark of RNA viruses in general, and the hepatitis C virus (HCV) in particular, due to the lack of fidelity of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases [ 1 2 ] . In HCV, this genetic diversity has been organized into six major genotypes and numerous subtypes (over 80).
Moreover, the functional viral RdRP, as detailed later for RSV, is a complex holoenzyme composed of viral as well as cellular proteins [ 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 ] . Second, many NNR viral genomes and proteins are currently expressed from vaccinia-based cDNA clones, which generally requires superinfection by vaccinia virus [ 22 23 ] . Unfortunately, vaccinia virus itself is a major modulator of cellular signaling, including MAP kinase pathways and the actin cytoskeleton [ 24 25 26 ] . It is, therefore, virtually impossible to study the interaction between cellular signaling pathways and NNR viruses in cells that are also superinfected by vaccinia virus [ 24 25 26 ] . Third, mutations in the recombinant DNA are "permanent", and thus, the mutational phenotype cannot be switched on at pre-determined time points in infection.
Before moving on, a quick course in molecular biology: All living creatures, from viruses on up, pull off the feat of self-replication by encoding the necessary information in nucleic acids--in particular the double-stranded DNA discovered by Crick and Watson or, for a few renegade viruses, single-stranded RNA or even single-stranded DNA.
Such activity was reported for dextran sulfate after 2 h incubation with HIV-1 [ 2 ] but results of other studies indicated that dextran sulfate failed to neutralize virus infectivity [ 4 10 ] . Inactivation of HIV-1 by carrageenan was reported in a review article [ 18 ] . BufferGel is virucidal against HIV-1 by providing a buffered low pH environment (pH 3.9 [ 25 ] ), but virus inactivation might be incomplete and possibly compromised by minor pH increases due to the presence of seminal fluid [ 40 ] . To be effective in preventing infection by direct virus inactivation, anti-HIV-1 microbicides must be virucidal against both X4 and R5 viruses, utilizing CXCR4 and CCR5 as coreceptors [ 39 41 ] , respectively, R5 HIV-1 being most frequently sexually transmitted.
The remaining 50% of cases are classified as a fever of unknown origin (FUO) and may be caused by other pathogens, namely viruses, that are more difficult to detect by conventional diagnostic methods [ 7 8 9 ] .
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