Words similar to ventilatory
Example sentences for: ventilatory
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It has been adopted from earlier studies [ 19 20 21 22 ] and only slight modifications were made in order to ensure comparability with Method 1. Only recently, Galletly & Larson [ 29 30 31 ] described a technique to determine cardiorespiratory coupling during anaesthesia which is, like our method, based on HRV pattern repetition: "The specific pattern of heart rate acceleration and deceleration which occurs with breathing is determined by the pattern of vagal modulation and the positioning of heart beats within the ventilatory phases (..
Our data clearly show that nalbuphine is a potent agonist at the μ opioid receptor with an efficacy similar to that of morphine, thus agreeing with in vivo data showing that morphine and nalbuphine are equally potent as analgesics [ 33 ] . However, other reports have described nalbuphine as a "mixed agonist/antagonist" with agonism at κ opioid receptors and antagonism at μ opioid receptors based on in vivo data [ 11 33 ] . This categorization is likely due to the fact that nalbuphine has been shown to reduce the ventilatory depressant effect of other opioids, while adding to their analgesic effect [ 33 ] . Nalbuphine is also used clinically to reduce the opioid-mediated side effects such as itching, without completely reversing the analgesic effects of the full agonists [ 34 35 36 ] . According to our data, although nalbuphine is clearly a potent agonist at μ receptors, its levels of agonism is significantly lower than the very efficacious drug fentanyl and the endogenous ligand β-endorphin.
However, at analgesic doses, opioid receptor agonists or partial agonists can induce unwanted side effects such as ventilatory depression [ 1 2 ] and the development of physical tolerance and dependence [ 3 4 ] . Thus, the search for opioid ligands which possess analgesic effect and lack untoward effects has been a sought after goal of the medical community.
Prior studies have shown variability in the use of therapeutic modalities (including PACs, ventilator, and intravenous vasoactive and inotropic agents) among ICU patients [ 21 27 ] and different impacts on outcomes and use of hospital resources associated with these treatments [ 16 17 18 28 29 ] . In general, with the exception of the recent trial demonstrating benefit of early goal-directed treatment involving oxygenation (including ventilatory support if necessary) and blood pressure (including intravenous pressors if necessary) [ 30 ] , few data are available that demonstrate that these modalities improve outcomes.
There is evidence suggesting that δ selective opioid ligands do not cause changes in respiratory parameters [ 13 ] . Thus, suggesting that designing specific ligands that act at δ opioid receptors may be useful in formulating analgesics without the side effect of ventilatory depression.
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