Words similar to vacuolation
Example sentences for: vacuolation
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Mitochondrial vacuolation may contribute to several non-apopototic cell death pathways, but its role in a wide spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases remains to be defined [ 83 84 ] .
Our previous study showed that functional decline of mitochondria appears in the SOD1 G93Amice as early as 60 to 100 days of age [ 22 ] . This precedes the peak of mitochondrial vacuolation and the onset of the disease by two to three months [ 15 ] . Mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to energy deficiency and ionic imbalance [ 68 ] , elevated ROS and oxidative damage [ 69 ] , and increased sensitivity of neurons to excitotoxicity [ 19 70 71 72 ] . These effects could precipitate MVISE, which trigger cell death programs by releasing pro-apoptotic proteins resided in the mitochondrial intermembrane space, such as cytochrome c, AIF, SMAC/DIABLO, endo G and Htra/Omi [ 73 ] . The absence of cytochrome c in the porous large vacuoles and the presence of cytochrome c in the small vacuoles (Fig.
The mitochondrial vacuolation could in part be the result of persistent mitochondrial dysfunction and further facilitate the downstream motor neuron degeneration events.
Mutant SOD1 causes dysfunction and structural damage of mitochondria in cultured neuronal cells [ 18 19 20 ] and at early disease stages in mutant SOD1 transgenic mice [ 21 22 ] . Human ALS also shows mitochondrial damage, dysfunction and loss [ 23 24 ] . The mechanism whereby mutant SOD1 causes mitochondrial damage has not been determined, but recent evidence shows that mutant SOD1 is imported into mitochondria [ 21 25 26 ] , and this mitochondrial localization may cause direct damage to mitochondria and induce cell death [ 27 ] . Consistent with this possibility, previous work suggested that mitochondrial vacuolation was developed from expansion of the intermembrane space [ 17 ] . However, the possibility that the vacuoles represent autophagic vacuolation has not been ruled out, because the source of the vacuolar membrane was not known.
It is possible that mitochondrial vacuolation represents an accelerated form of mitochondrial damage caused by high levels of mutant SOD1 accumulation.
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