Words similar to vacuolation
Example sentences for: vacuolation
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Our previous study showed that functional decline of mitochondria appears in the SOD1 G93Amice as early as 60 to 100 days of age [ 22 ] . This precedes the peak of mitochondrial vacuolation and the onset of the disease by two to three months [ 15 ] . Mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to energy deficiency and ionic imbalance [ 68 ] , elevated ROS and oxidative damage [ 69 ] , and increased sensitivity of neurons to excitotoxicity [ 19 70 71 72 ] . These effects could precipitate MVISE, which trigger cell death programs by releasing pro-apoptotic proteins resided in the mitochondrial intermembrane space, such as cytochrome c, AIF, SMAC/DIABLO, endo G and Htra/Omi [ 73 ] . The absence of cytochrome c in the porous large vacuoles and the presence of cytochrome c in the small vacuoles (Fig.
Mutant SOD1 causes dysfunction and structural damage of mitochondria in cultured neuronal cells [ 18 19 20 ] and at early disease stages in mutant SOD1 transgenic mice [ 21 22 ] . Human ALS also shows mitochondrial damage, dysfunction and loss [ 23 24 ] . The mechanism whereby mutant SOD1 causes mitochondrial damage has not been determined, but recent evidence shows that mutant SOD1 is imported into mitochondria [ 21 25 26 ] , and this mitochondrial localization may cause direct damage to mitochondria and induce cell death [ 27 ] . Consistent with this possibility, previous work suggested that mitochondrial vacuolation was developed from expansion of the intermembrane space [ 17 ] . However, the possibility that the vacuoles represent autophagic vacuolation has not been ruled out, because the source of the vacuolar membrane was not known.
However, some mutant SOD1 causes motor neuron degeneration without mitochondrial vacuolation [ 8 11 36 ] . One difference between the mutants that induce vacuoles and the ones that do not, is that the former accumulates at higher levels in the mouse spinal cord than that latter.
The absence of matrix expansion and the involvement of peroxisomes but not lysosomes together indicate that mutant SOD1-induced mitochondrial vacuolation is neither MPT nor autophagy.
The increased cell death induced by direct targeting of mutant SOD1 to mitochondria supports this possibility [ 27 ] . Interestingly, low levels (compared with the levels caused by mutant SOD1) of mitochondrial vacuolation can also be caused by expression of high levels of wild type SOD1 [ 7 13 15 41 ] , suggesting that the mitochondria-damaging property also exists in the wild type protein and this property strengthens by the mutations.
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