Words similar to urethral
Example sentences for: urethral
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Clozapine abolished the electromyogram (EMG) recorded from the EUS during the rising phase of a bladder contraction before urine is voided (similar to the "guarding reflex" [ 8 9 ] ). In addition, clozapine also abolished the high frequency oscillations in the bladder pressure and accompanying bursts in the external urethral sphincter EMG, that are present during the expulsion phase of the micturition profile of the rat [ 7 ] . In the clinical literature, clozapine therapy is associated with a high incidence (up to 44% in a recent study [ 10 ] ) of urinary incontinence and enuresis.
In the anesthetized rat, the external urethral sphincter contracts and relaxes during the expulsion phase in a manner that is complimentary to the high frequency oscillations observed in the bladder pressure record [ 19 ] whereas in humans the external sphincter not active during voiding.
Blockade of the external urethral sphincter in anesthetized rats results in a disappearance of the HFO from the bladder pressure recording as well as a disappearance of the bursting pattern of the EUS EMG observed during HFO [ 26 27 28 ] . In addition, there is a decreased ability of the bladder to empty as evidenced by a decreased micturition volume and an increased residual volume [ 26 27 29 ] . Therefore, inhibition of the external urethral sphincter, as was the case for the two neuroleptics in the present study and also for clozapine in our earlier study [ 7 ] , might provide an important mechanism by which the bladder is rendered less effective in emptying and therefore altering other urodynamic variables resulting in decreased micturition volume and increased residual volume in rats.
However in humans the prostate can affect the micturition function since when a man ages and the prostate enlarges it constricts the urethral lumen.
Olanzapine and to a lesser extent risperidone, altered several micturition parameters and they inhibited the external urethral sphincter in the anesthetized rat.
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