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Example sentences for: tumefaciens
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To test the validity of word counting as a solution to the problem, we identified a set of 50 gene sequences from plants ( M. truncatula and G. max ), oomycetes ( Phytophthora ), zygomycetes ( Glomus versiforme ), and bacteria ( Sinorhizobium meliloti and Agrobacterium tumefaciens ), for which the function and origin have been characterized experimentally.
( A. tumefaciens , which is not shown in Figure 9, is virtually identical to S. meliloti ). Additional phylogenetically spaced fusions are present in Thermomonospora fusca, Azospirillum brasilense , and Legionella pneumophila . Other fusions that involve trpAa or trpAb homologs also occur in nature, as shown in Table 3, and a degree of care is needed to avoid confusion between them.
Interestingly, models of bacterial evolution suggest HGT as a mechanism of adaptation into either symbiosis or parasitism [ 32 ] . This is specifically thought to be the case for divergent species of rhizobia, such as the symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti and the pathogen Rhizobium radiobacter (formerly known as Agrobacterium tumefaciens ), where differential selection and gene maintenance is likely to be responsible for different lifestyle strategies [ 33 ] .
On this criterion, only R. loti, B. melitensis, A. tumefaciens and S. meliloti exhibited similarities of flanking-gene organization, and this is phylogenetically congruent.
Figure 10shows an alignment of the carboxy-terminal region of the TrpAa domain, the linker region, and the amino-terminal region of the TrpAb domain for all of the fusion proteins depicted in Figure 9(as well as that from A. tumefaciens ).
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