Words similar to tubercle
Example sentences for: tubercle
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The dedicated olfactory regions include the olfactory cortex, the olfactory tubercle, the entorhinal cortex, parts of the amygdala, parts of the hypothalamus, the mediodorsal thalamus, the medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex, and parts of the insula (Neville and Haberly 2004).
Mycobacteria enter macrophages primarily by conventional receptor-mediated phagocytic pathways [ 3 ] . Following phagocytosis, phagosomes containing viable tubercle bacilli fail to acidify, apparently because of failure to insert a proton-ATPase pump into the phagosomal membrane [ 4 5 6 ] . This leads to altered vacuolar maturation such that phagosome-lysosome fusion is blocked and the mycobacteria-containing vacuoles end up with an internal pH of about 6 and markers of phagosomes and early and late endosomes [ 7 8 9 10 11 ] . The mycobacterial genes responsible for these processes are largely unknown.
To elucidate the mechanisms used by tubercle bacilli to survive in macrophages, researchers at several laboratories are studying mycobacterial genes specifically expressed during growth in macrophages [ 1 2 3 4 5 6 ] . Among the genes specifically expressed during intracellular growth are genes encoding two extracytoplasmic function sigma factors, SigE (σ E) and SigH (σ H) [ 3 4 5 ] . Sigma factors play critical roles in the recognition of promoters by RNA polymerase.
One possible interpretation of these data is that the distinct patterns of expression could have been due to differences in the origin or the developmental milieu of foreskin fibroblasts, derived from the genital tubercle, as opposed to the labial fibroblasts, derived from the genital swellings [ 10 ] . The differences in gene expression we observed in AIS fibroblasts of gonadal origin compared to those of labial origin support this view (Figure 3).
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