Words similar to tonoplast
Example sentences for: tonoplast
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In plant cells V-ATPases are responsible for the deacidification of the cytosol and the energization of secondary transport processes across the tonoplast, as well as in the endocytotic and secretory pathways [ 12 ] . In addition, the vacuolar type ATPase is thought to be primarily responsible for the acidification and expansion of the large central vacuole [ 12 13 14 15 ] . In plants a critical event in growth and development is the maturation and expansion of the central vacuole.
The catalytic subunit exists as two distinct genes with highly conserved exons and intron boundaries in twelve species of plants [ 25 ] . In the flowering plant Daucus carota (carrot) evidence exists for two distinct isoforms for the catalytic subunit, one of which is tonoplast specific while the other is localized to the Golgi [ 26 ] . In addition, two distinct mRNAs have been isolated from cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum ) [ 27 ] . Two subunit A mRNAs are expressed in the unicellular alga Acetabularia acetabulum [ 28 29 ] . Isoforms of other V-ATPase subunits are also known from plants including subunit B [ 27 30 32 ] , the proteolipid subunit [ 33 34 35 36 37 ] and subunits D and E [ 38 ] .
Three enzymes are primarily responsible for the maintenance of proton flux across the tonoplast in plants, the vacuolar H +-ATPase, the H +pumping pyrophosphatase [ 48 ] and the Na +/H +antiporter [ 49 50 ] . All three enzymes have been implicated in allowing plants to cope with environmental stress conditions.
The influx of water and metabolites into the vacuole is dependent in part on the generation of a proton motive force across the tonoplast.
An Arabidopsis CPK phosphorylates tonoplast intrinsic protein, α-TIP, a putative water-channel protein [ 76].
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