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Example sentences for: substituents
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predicted that Phe158 and Ile 164 form hydrophobic interactions with bulky substituents on the substrate, suggesting that the loss of these residues would only affect binding of substrates with large aromatic substituents [ 37 ] . In the modeling studies on CcrA [ 42 ] , Asn233 was predicted to interact with the β-lactam carbonyl on substrate, and mutagenesis studies have supported this prediction [ 43 ] . Although Asn233 is sequence conserved in L1 [ 35 ] , it is located 14Å away from the modeled position of the β-lactam carbonyl and was predicted not to play a role in substrate binding to L1 [ 37 ] . On the other hand, the substrate-binding model predicted that Tyr228 was in position to offer a hydrogen bond to the β-lactam carbonyl and participate in an oxyanion hole that was proposed to form as the substrate was hydrolyzed [ 37 ] . By using the crystal structure and modeling studies on L1, Ullah et al.
The F158A mutant exhibited higher K m values when using the cephalosporins as substrates, suggesting an interaction of the cephalosporins' substituents with the phenylalanine on the loop that extends over the active site.
The lack of an aldehyde group on the periphery of the macrocycle of Chl c, which replaces Chl b in homologous complexes in chromophytic algae, indicates that the primary interaction between Chls and the proteins does not involve such substituents.
Thus the aryl ring (Figure 2B) can carry quite a large variety of substituents that enhance binding if they are hydrophobic [ 21 ] . Since many good biophores were identified in the DA database we designed two different DA precursors (Figure 5) instead of one.
On the basis of observations [ 12 13 ] discussed above, one would expect AppppA with two phosphorothioadenosyl substituents to be a slow substrate with a relatively low K m . However, carbon in place of the β phosphorus (for example in 6b ) would make the leaving group the alkoxide - OCH 2 -CH(OH)-CH 2 O-phosphorothioadenosyl rather than α-thio ATP.
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