Words similar to submaximal
Example sentences for: submaximal
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Chloride channels or chloride ions are known to influence cAMP-stimulated steroidogenesis by adrenal cells [ 29 ] , human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-stimulated steroidogenesis by amphibian follicle-enclosed oocytes [ 56 ] , as well as LH-stimulated steroidogenesis in rat Leydig cells [ 29 ] , MA-10 cells [ 59 ] , and chicken GC [ 35 ] . In mammalian cells, removal of extracellular chloride stimulates basal and protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent steroid hormone production by increasing the expression of StAR and potentiating the effects of submaximal concentrations of cAMP [ 29 59 ] . The proposed mechanism of action involves chloride efflux, depolarization of the mitochondrial and plasma membranes, and alterations to protein synthesis and cholesterol transport [ 29 59 ] .
VEGF is a 45 kDA heparin-binding homodimeric glycoprotein with a predominant specificity to vascular endothelial cells [ 4 5 6 7 ] . Recent investigations demonstrate that VEGF increases vascular permeability [ 4 ] , endothelial cell proliferation in vitro [ 8 ] , and angiogenesis in vivo [ 9 ] . We have previously demonstrated that VEGF mRNA is upregulated in rat gastrocnemius muscle following 1 hour of acute submaximal treadmill exercise [ 10 ] , in dog gastrocnemius muscle following 1 hour of electrical stimulation [ 11 ] , and in human vastus lateralis following 30 min of one-legged knee extension exercise at 50% maximal capacity [ 12 ] . Other studies show similar upregulation of VEGF mRNA in chronically electrically stimulated rat skeletal muscle [ 13 14 ] , and in human vastus lateralis following 45 min of one-legged knee extension exercise [ 15 ] .
Peak flow during tidal breathing is submaximal; it can be increased with increased effort.
Similarly, administration of submaximal doses of ang-1 and VEGF-A in a rabbit ischemic hind limb model led to a stronger effect on resting and maximal blood flow and capillary formation than either of the agents alone [ 51].
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