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Example sentences for: seveso
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Previous studies have found changes in sex ratio following exposure to hormonally active compounds, and different effects of chemicals on mothers and fathers could have opposing effects on the sex ratio [ 22 46 ] . Hormonally induced ovulation leads to a clear reduction in the sex ratio of offspring [ 47 ] , a result that has also been found following paternal exposure to the nematocide dibromochloropropane [ 23 24 ] . Paternal, but not maternal, exposure to dioxin following an explosion at an herbicide factory in Seveso, Italy was found to reduce the sex ratio [ 26 27 ] . In contrast, among veterans of Operation Ranch Hand, the unit responsible for spraying Agent Orange and other dioxin-containing herbicides in Vietnam, paternal dioxin levels greater than 10 ppt were associated with an increased percentage of male children [ 48 ] . In the latter study, however, maternal dioxin levels were not measured (although these would be expected not to be above background), and the paternal levels were likely somewhat lower than levels in men exposed following the Seveso incident.
For much of the 20 thcentury the secondary sex ratio (male births/all births) has been declining in many countries [ 16 17 18 ] . It has been speculated that this declining sex ratio is a sentinel indicator of environmental contamination [ 17 ] , although others have argued that, on a population level, this is not the case [ 16 18 19 20 21 ] . There is evidence, however, that hormonal levels around the time of conception are associated with the sex ratio of offspring [ 22 ] , and there is compelling evidence that exposure to particular chemicals does lead to changes in the sex ratio of offspring [ 23 24 25 26 27 ] , as seen, for example, with exposure to dioxins following an explosion at an herbicide plant in Seveso, Italy [ 26 27 ] . Animal studies have suggested that exposure to PCBs may lower the sex ratio of offspring [ 28 29 30 ] . Studies among human populations exposed to PCBs in different settings, however, have suggested increases [ 31 ] , decreases [ 32 33 ] , or no change [ 34 35 ] in the sex ratio.
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