Words similar to scorpion
Example sentences for: scorpion
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A structure model of ButaIT, generated from the Swiss-model protein modeling server based on the structural coordinates of chlorotoxin [ 38 ] and insectotoxin I5A [ 22 ] showed that ButaIT adopts a typical core structure of scorpion toxins primarily composed of one α-helix and three β-strands with four disulfide bridges, a feature similar to other toxins of similar size that act on K +and Cl -channels [ 17 31 34 38 ] . It is also evident from the data that disulfide bridge formation in ButaIT likely follows a common motif, with covalent links between cysl6-cys32, cys5-cys27, cys20-cys34 and an additional disulfide bridge between cys2 and cys 19 which cross-links the N-terminal strand of the β-sheet to the α-helix.
Tityus trinitatis toxic fraction was recognised by the antiserum of the Venezuelan scorpion Tityus discrepans (which has a β-type toxin) [ 47 ] . The onset of symptoms from the time of evenomation is generally between five and thirty minutes.
In Trinidad the following clinical features have been seen: tachypnea, restlessness, vomiting, increased salivation, cerebral oedema, pulmonary oedema, hypovolemic shock and convulsions, with myocarditis and pancreatitis being major complications [ 48 ] . Scorpion venoms may cause these symptoms through release of catecholamines from the sympathetic nervous system [ 11 ] . The venom exerts its effects primarily to the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, but there is also stimulation of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic peripheral activities [ 11 ] . The venom is a complex mixture of phospholipase A 2 , low molecular weight proteins, acetylcholinesterase, hyaluronidase, toxic polypeptides, amino acids, serotonin and neurotoxins [ 11 48 ] . Two fatal cases suggested toxic myocarditis [ 48 ] .
The carcinogenic risk cited in the literature on aristolochic acid [ 61 ] needs to be evaluated versus its potential benefit as an emergency medicine for snake and scorpion bites.
Aristolochia rugosa and Aristolochia trilobata are recorded in a list of plants used worldwide and in the West Indies, Venezuela, South and Central America against snakebites and scorpion stings [ 51 52 24 43 40 53 ] . Caribs in Guatemala use Aristolochia trilobata root and tuber decoctions for stomach pains and use leaf tinctures for diarrhoea [ 55 ] . Aristolochic acid inhibits inflammation induced by immune complexes, and nonimmunological agents (carrageenan or croton oil) [ 56 ] . Aristolochic acid inhibits the activity of snake venom phospholipase (PLA 2 ) by forming a 1:1 complex with the enzyme [ 56 40 38 ] . Since phospholipase enzymes play a significant part in the cascade leading to the inflammatory and pain response, their inhibition could lead to relief of problems from scorpion envenomation [ 11 ] .
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