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Following isolation from G. rostochiensis and H. glycines [ 5 ] , cellulases have been identified in M. incognita [ 6 ] , G. tabacum [ 68 ] , H. schachtii [ 69 ] , and P. penetrans [ 70 ] . Additional prokaryotic-like sequences identified in plant parasitic nematodes include other cell-wall-degrading enzymes such as xylanase [ 7 ] , pectate lyase [ 8 71 ] and polygalacturonase [ 72 ] , and evidence is accumulating that these sequences have been acquired by horizontal gene transfer [ 11 ] . The known Meloidogyne cellulase (MI00483.cl), potentially novel cellulases (MI00537.cl, MI01196.cl, MI01381.cl, MI01842.cl), and pectate lyase (MI00592.cl, MI00520.cl) were represented in the M. incognita EST clusters.
Another RKN gene also postulated to have been acquired by HGT, and which encodes polyglutamate synthetase, was previously identified in M. artiellia [ 23 ] . Significantly, hybridization data showed that this particular gene is absent from both the M. javanica and G. rostochiensis genomes [ 23 ] . We speculate that acquisition of this gene by M. artiellia is a recent HGT event (event 'c', Figure 1), and thus it is truly absent from the Meloidogyne genomes from which our datasets were derived.
Sixty-four ESTs had significant homology to the putative fatty-acid-binding protein Sec-2, confirming the abundant expression of this gene reported in L2 cDNA libraries from M. incognita [ 29 ] and the cyst nematodes G. rostochiensis and G. pallida cDNA [ 30 ] . Sec-2 is secreted by plant-parasitic nematodes at relatively high levels [ 34 ] . Several abundantly expressed genes are also horizontal gene transfer candidates (see below).
The most extensively studied HGT candidates are four genes encoding β-1,4-endoglucanase, initially identified in the cyst nematodes G. rostochiensis and H. glycines [ 18 19 ] . These four genes (NemaGene Contig IDs MI00537, MI01011, MI01381 and MI01842) [ 30 ] appear to define two sets of paralogs formed before divergence of the cyst and root-knot nematodes.
Use of SL1 by transcripts is estimated at 70% in C. elegans [ 60 ] , more than 80% in Ascaris lumbricoides [ 61 ] , and approximately 60% in G. rostochiensis (Ling Qin, personal communication).
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