Words similar to retrograde
Example sentences for: retrograde
How can you use “retrograde” in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:
If the pathway had evolved in a retrograde direction, the Horowitz theory would postulate that GshB arose to take advantage of γ-Glu-Cys present in the environment.
More than 75% (23/31) of the characterized genes within the top 50 genes in this cluster are localized to the ER and participate in various aspects of secretion, including protein folding ( KAR2, LHS1, FKB2, JEM1 ), protein disulfide isomerization ( EUG1, PDI1, ERO1 ), protein glycosylation ( GFA1, PMT3, PMI40, SEC59, WBP1, OST2 ), and forward and retrograde trafficking ( ERD2, ERP1, ERP2, SEC24, SEC13, RET2, RET3, and others [ 21]).
One process inhibited by BDM is the centripetal flow of actin from the leading edge into the cell body, known as retrograde flow [ 11 12 ] . Retrograde flow is thought to be driven by a "push-pull" mechanism of polymerization of actin at the leading edge of the cell and contractile activity of myosin motor proteins [ 13 14 ] . Formation of new actin filaments is predominantly mediated by the nucleation activity of the Arp2/3 complex [ 15 ] . Members of the WASP/WAVE family of proteins, among others, stimulate and regulate the Arp2/3 complex for spatial and temporal control of filament nucleation [ 15 ] . Localization of these proteins to the leading edge, though not completely understood, is probably mediated through their interactions with the actin cytoskeleton itself and membrane-associated binding partners [ 15 16 ] .
We did not see retrograde flow of the Arp3 signal in an otherwise stable leading edge.
Two possible mechanisms for Arp2/3 complex de-localization were considered: Arp2/3 could move back from the leading edge with retrograde flow of actin and then be lost from the filaments, or it could simply diffuse from the leading edge.
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