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Example sentences for: refusers
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To determine if the upper bound is reasonable, we estimated its value using data from screened subjects in randomized trials of colorectal cancer screening [ 12 13 ] , breast cancer screening [ 14 ] , and lung cancer screening [ 15 16 ] . We then compared this estimate to a modified PSE estimate using data from all subjects, so that estimates of age-specific cancer detection in the absence of screening and cancer mortality in the absence of screening are based on data from randomized controls and refusers.
Case-control studies are applicable with special considerations for cancer screening [ 22 ] . Periodic Screening Evaluation (PSE) is a method for using data from subjects of various age who receive at least two regularly scheduled screenings to estimate the reduction in cancer mortality from periodic screening over a range of ages [ 23 24 ] . The main assumptions of PSE are (1) once a cancer is detectable on screening it would be detectable on later screenings (2) given age, year of birth adds no information for predicting the detection rate on the first screen, (3) no selection bias in using refusers to estimate survival from detection in the absence of screening.
Previous approaches [ 1 2 3 ] used data from refusers, substituting m
To avoid this assumption (and the need to collect data from refusers), we estimated the cancer mortality rate following detection in the absence of screening by the cancer mortality rate in interval cancers.
We also compared the PSE estimates with estimates based on a comparison of outcomes in the two randomized groups, adjusting for refusers and mitigating the effect of dilution after stopping screening [ 17 ] . It is important to bear in mind that the two estimates are answering different questions.
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