Words similar to protostomes
Example sentences for: protostomes
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, nematodes) with a false coelom and finally to the bulk of animal phyla having a true coelom (Coelomata) [ 1 2 ] . There has never been complete agreement on animal phylogeny and classification, but most researchers have divided living coelomate animals into deuterostomes (echinoderms, hemichordates, urochordates, cephalochordates, and vertebrates) and protostomes (arthropods, annelids, mollusks, and other phyla) based on differences in early embryonic development.
The collected set of sequences thus contains representatives of several major bilaterian phyla within both deuterostomes (Chordata and Echinodermata) and protostomes (Nematoda and Arthropoda).
The neighbor-joining (Figure 3a) and maximum-likelihood trees we constructed, in combination with the fact that mammalian KCNQ1 and Anopheles KCNQ2 gene products share a striking 75% identity (despite the divergence of protostomes and deuterostomes close to 700 million years ago), suggest that gene loss in Drosophila , specifically loss of an ancestral KCNQ2 (mammalian KCNQ1 ), is the cause of this difference, rather than gene expansion in Anopheles , which may be the case for the Kv3 and Irk3 (Figure 3b) gene families.
An analysis of small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) sequences challenged this arrangement by placing acoelomate and pseudocoelomate phyla in more derived positions among the protostomes, and in further defining a clade (Ecdysozoa) of molting animals that includes arthropods and nematodes [ 3 ] . This "Ecdysozoa" hypothesis has influenced diverse fields [ 4 ] and interpretations of developmental evolution in animals [ 5 6 7 ] . Since its publication, evidence has appeared both for and against this hypothesis [ 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ] . Knowing the branching order of the major animal lineages, especially those three with fully sequenced genomes, is of importance to diverse fields such as medical genetics, physiology, neurobiology, paleontology, and astrobiology.
Resolution of the evolutionary relationships among the protostome Runx genes will require a broader sampling of Runx genes from Arthropods as well as from protostomes in general.
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