Words similar to phytosterols
Example sentences for: phytosterols
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ABCG5 and ABCG8 are two genes located adjacently in a head-to-head configuration on human chromosome 2p21, encoding for two half-transporters, sterolin 1 and sterolin 2 respectively [ 9 10 12 ] . Mutations in either of these genes causes sitosterolemia, characterized by hyperabsorption of phytosterols, reduced excretion of sterols into the bile and very elevated levels of plasma plant sterol levels.
The WKY rat also carries this mutation and a high dietary intake of phytosterols will also increase the blood pressure and decrease the density of platelets, though to a lower extent than that observed in SHRSP rats [ 20 ] . These data support a pathological role of elevated plant sterols in these rats and support the notion that the STSL loci evolved to not only allow for the excretion of cholesterol into bile, but also to keep 'xeno-sterols' from accumulating in the body.
Studies reported by different investigators have shown that a dietary intake of 10 % canola oil (as part of semi-purified diets) significantly shortened the life-span of SHRSP rats, with accumulation of phytosterols in plasma, red blood cells and tissues [ 15 17 18 19 21 22 ] . Lower red blood cell (RBC) membrane deformability, lower density of platelets, as well as a higher blood pressure were also observed, when compared to a SHRSP group fed with vegetable oils lower in phytosterols (10 % soybean oil vs. 10% canola oil).
Studies have shown that the sitosterolemic patients hyperabsorb all sterols (cholesterol and phytosterols) and fail to excrete phytosterols into bile [ 3 4 5 6 7 ] . Positional mapping of the STSL locus to human chromosome 2p21 led to the identification of two genes, ATP binding cassette (ABC) half-transporters G5 and G8 that were mutated in affected individuals [ 8 9 10 11 12 ] . The protein products of these two genes (sterolin-1 and sterolin-2 respectively) are thought to form heterodimers to constitute a functional transporter, based primarily on the genetic evidence that affected individuals are either completely mutated in sterolin-1 or sterolin-2, but not both [ 12 ] . More recently, evidence from in vitro expression of these proteins has been presented that these two proteins co-immunoprecipitate, supporting this conclusion [ 13 ] . ABCG5 and ABCG8 appear to be present in all mammalian genomes examined to date and are highly conserved between species, indicating that these genes may have a similar function in other species.
Phyllanthus urinaria plant was used by Caribs with other plants in a bath against bad luck (called 'piai') [ 66 ] . Pharmacological activities of various compounds in some species of Phyllanthus include analgesic, antiinflammatory, antilipoxigenase, antiallergic, nitrosamina blocker, aldose reductase inhibitor, antiviral, mitochondrial ATPase inhibitor, phosphodiesterase inhibitor and cyclooxigenase inhibitor [ 111 ] . Other activities are hepatoprotective, phosphorilase and tirosine kinase inhibitor, phospholipase A 2 inhibitor and increased the survival of hepatocellular carcinoma harbouring animals [ 54 111 113 112 ] . The compound with hepatoprotective activity is triacontanol [ 114 ] . Several compounds found in Phyllanthus species, like flavonoids (quercetin, rutin), tannins (geraniin, furosin), benzenoids (ethyl gallate, methyl gallate) and phytosterols showed antinociceptive effects in mice or multiple mechanisms of action [ 111 115 ] . The flavonoids also have anti-inflammatory properties [ 38 11 ] . The hydroalcoholic extracts of four Phyllanthus species were 2 - 6 fold more active in causing antinociception than aspirin depending on the route of administration and the pain model used [ 115 ] . Phyllanthus amarus has antioxidant properties, reverses chromosomal alterations induced by genotoxic agents and has anticancer activity [ 112 ] . Active compounds may be flavonoids (quercetin, astragalin), ellagitannins (amarinic acid), hydrolysable tannins (phyllanthisiin D) [ 112 ] . The multiple plant compounds found in Phyllanthus species might help clear up any physiological condition that results in dogs having difficulty following game animals.
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