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Example sentences for: petunia
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These searches, e.g. the search initiated with the core RDRP module from Petunia (residues 37-775), readily retrieved RDRPs from plants, C. elegans , Dictyostelium discoideum , several fungi, and Giardia lamblia with statistically highly significant expectation (E) values.
The Myb1 motif was identified in Antirrhinum . [ 86 ] , the Myb2 and Myb3 motifs in Petunia [ 87 ] . These sequences have not been verified as valid Myb binding motifs in Arabidopsis . The under-representation of the DRE-like element suggests that genes whose expression is modulated by pathogen attacks and oxidative stress signaling may have minimal overlap with genes involved in dehydration and cold responses.
Paramutation has been studied extensively for four maize loci that encode transcriptional regulators of pigment biosynthesis [ 1 ] . Paramutation has also been investigated in the Arabidopsis PAI gene family, at the a1 and chalcone synthase (CHS) transgene loci in petunia, and in a number of other cases [ 2 3 4 ] . The Arabidopsis resistance gene BAL/CPR1 displays a related form of epigenetic instability [ 5 6 ] . Interactions resembling paramutation also occur among non-allelic transgene loci with DNA sequence homology.
In contrast, in the PAI gene family, combining the master locus (WS ecotype PAI1/PAI4 ) with a non-allelic singlet target locus possessing 100% sequence identity (Columbia PAI2 ) resulted in methylation after two generations of heterozygous contact, and methylation became more pronounced after another two generations [ 12 ] . Likewise, in the petunia CHS gene family, interaction between an epiallele of the direct-repeat locus, CHS41, with two types of target loci, either an unlinked inverted repeat locus or a more naïve allele of CHS41, was initially additive and only became suppressive in the second generation [ 4 10 ] .
PTGS and trans-silencing are similarly intertwined in other cases, for example in the epimutable petunia CHS41 locus [ 10 ] . PTGS often leads to DNA methylation, although primarily in coding regions [ 35 ] . However, DNA methylation of promoters, more easily aligned with transcriptional silencing, can be RNA mediated if suitable double stranded RNA versions of the promoter sequence are transcribed, either fortuitously or by design [ 36 37 38 39 40 ] . Therefore, there may be a natural tendency for PTGS loci to mature to TGS and associated trans-silencing, which in turn could prove problematic in applying PTGS in commercial plant breeding programs.
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