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Example sentences for: opn
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OPN is a secreted glycophosphoprotein expressed by a number of cell types, including leukocytes and epithelial lineages, and it has been implicated biologically in bone development, in immune system regulation [ 6 ] , and in multiple mechanisms through signal transduction via its binding to integrins [ 7 ] . OPN has been detected in primary breast tumors and is elevated in the plasma of patients with metastatic breast cancer [ 8 9 ] , but an association between elevated levels of primary tumor OPN and metastatic burden has not been well established.
Tumor cells that synthesize matrix-associated factors such as OPN and TSP-1 may increase their ability to independently manipulate their surroundings, encouraging invasion and migration.
High levels of OPN in breast tumor cell lines appear to correlate with a more aggressive in vivo phenotype [ 2 20 ] . Transfection of OPN expression constructs into cells producing noninvasive mammary epithelial tumors has been reported to convert them to a malignant phenotype [ 8 21 ] . Furthermore, transfection of antisense OPN constructs or OPN-targeting ribozymes into transformed tumorigenic cells can result in impaired anchorage-independent growth, as well as in diminished tumor-forming ability in vivo [ 22 23 ] . OPN is also typically overexpressed in human tumors, including breast cancer [ 15 24 ] . However, the source of OPN in primary breast tumors was originally thought to be infiltrating macrophages rather than tumor cells themselves [ 15 ] .
Relative to the GAPDH transcript levels, OPN expression was found to be ~10-fold higher than TYRP-1 expression in all tissues examined.
These investigators also found that the presence of OPN on tumor cells is correlated with patient demise [ 25 ] .
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