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Example sentences for: ntds

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Benzodiazepines (BDZs), which enhance the activity of the GABA receptor, also enhance the teratogenic effects of VA in humans [ 10 ] . Chlordiazepoxide, another BDZ, has been shown to produce NTDs in the hamster [ 11 ] .
Factors that predispose individuals to NTDs are numerous.
Preliminary reports have linked ligands active at the GABA receptor with SB or other NTDs, including benzodiazepines, alcohol, and zinc [ 7 8 9 10 11 ] . Preliminary work from this laboratory has shown the GABAa receptor agonist muscimol and the GABAb agonist baclofen produce both SB and the Arnold-Chiari malformation, commonly associated with SB [ 12 13 14 ] . VA appears to produce most of its anticonvulsant effects by increasing levels of GABA in the CNS, presumably by inhibiting the enzyme GABA-transaminase (GABA-T).
There is other evidence to suggest that substances which alter the function of the GABAergic system may contribute to the formation of NTDs.
Socio-economic status, genetic factors, maternal illness and maternal drug exposure are important contributors to the risk of NTDs.