Words similar to nnr
Example sentences for: nnr
How can you use “nnr” in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:
Thus, we predict that an even lower concentration of dsRNA, perhaps in the sub-nanomolar range, might be able to destroy NNR viral mRNAs that are rarer, such as those of RSV M2 and L proteins.
The problem is particularly acute for NNR viruses, which have large RNA genomes [ 8 9 ] . The 10-15 kb long RNA genomes of these viruses require specific sequences at the 5' and 3' termini for transcription and replication, and must be properly encapsidated by the nucleocapsid protein (N) in order to be recognized by the viral RdRP [ 15 16 ] . Thus, any recombinant technology must be able to faithfully reproduce these features of the genome.
The RNA genome of RSV is about 15 kb long and contains 11 documented protein-coding genes [ 13 ] . Three viral proteins are minimally required to reconstitute the functional transcription complex of NNR viruses [ 3 ] : the nucleocapsid protein (N) that wraps the negative-strand genome RNA and its full-length complement, the positive-strand antigenome RNA, thus converting them into highly nuclease-resistant, chromatin-like templates; the large protein (L), which is the major subunit of the RdRP; and the phosphoprotein (P), which is the smaller subunit of RdRP and an essential transcription factor of L [ 19 20 21 22 ] . In RSV, optimal transcription, although not replication, additionally requires the transcription antitermination protein M2-1 [ 13 ] . In addition, cellular actin, and to a lesser extent, profilin, are also required for viral transcription [ 17 18 ] .
The overall steps of a NNR viral macromolecular synthesis in the infected cell are relevant for this paper, and are briefly described here [ 3 ] . The L protein is believed to encode the basic RNA polymerization function, and binds to the viral promoter at the 3' end of the genomic RNA to initiate transcription.
Moreover, the functional viral RdRP, as detailed later for RSV, is a complex holoenzyme composed of viral as well as cellular proteins [ 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 ] . Second, many NNR viral genomes and proteins are currently expressed from vaccinia-based cDNA clones, which generally requires superinfection by vaccinia virus [ 22 23 ] . Unfortunately, vaccinia virus itself is a major modulator of cellular signaling, including MAP kinase pathways and the actin cytoskeleton [ 24 25 26 ] . It is, therefore, virtually impossible to study the interaction between cellular signaling pathways and NNR viruses in cells that are also superinfected by vaccinia virus [ 24 25 26 ] . Third, mutations in the recombinant DNA are "permanent", and thus, the mutational phenotype cannot be switched on at pre-determined time points in infection.
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