Words similar to nnr
Example sentences for: nnr
How can you use “nnr” in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:
Thus, we predict that an even lower concentration of dsRNA, perhaps in the sub-nanomolar range, might be able to destroy NNR viral mRNAs that are rarer, such as those of RSV M2 and L proteins.
Using two different RSV gene mRNAs as targets, and another NNR virus (VSV) as well as cellular mRNAs as controls, we show that synthetic dsRNA molecules are highly efficient and specific silencers of cytoplasmic RNA viral gene expression.
The problem is particularly acute for NNR viruses, which have large RNA genomes [ 8 9 ] . The 10-15 kb long RNA genomes of these viruses require specific sequences at the 5' and 3' termini for transcription and replication, and must be properly encapsidated by the nucleocapsid protein (N) in order to be recognized by the viral RdRP [ 15 16 ] . Thus, any recombinant technology must be able to faithfully reproduce these features of the genome.
We speculate that the genomic and antigenomic RNA of NNR viruses escape the onslaught of dsRNA because they are tightly wrapped with the nucleocapsid protein N, which makes them inaccessible to the dsRNA and/or the RNAi silencing complex (RISC).
Moreover, the functional viral RdRP, as detailed later for RSV, is a complex holoenzyme composed of viral as well as cellular proteins [ 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 ] . Second, many NNR viral genomes and proteins are currently expressed from vaccinia-based cDNA clones, which generally requires superinfection by vaccinia virus [ 22 23 ] . Unfortunately, vaccinia virus itself is a major modulator of cellular signaling, including MAP kinase pathways and the actin cytoskeleton [ 24 25 26 ] . It is, therefore, virtually impossible to study the interaction between cellular signaling pathways and NNR viruses in cells that are also superinfected by vaccinia virus [ 24 25 26 ] . Third, mutations in the recombinant DNA are "permanent", and thus, the mutational phenotype cannot be switched on at pre-determined time points in infection.
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