Words similar to nef
Example sentences for: nef
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[ 11 12 13 14 ] . Kidney transplants between normal and transgenic Tg26 siblings suggested that specific HIV-1 proteins within the kidney, and not circulating factors, transform infected renal epithelium [ 13 ] . Indeed, HIV-1 transgenic mice generated with an HIV-1 proviral construct mutated in the Nef "PXXP" SH3-binding motif for Src-family kinases failed to develop nephropathy [ 31 ] , and a recent in vitro analysis of podocytes infected with single gene mutants of HIV-1 further suggest that Nef plays a central role in causing the proliferative phenotype in HIVAN [ 8 ] . Utilizing these same single gene mutant viruses, we showed here that Nef appears to be play a role in the up-regulation of cyclin D 1 by HIV-1 in vitro . Importantly, these single gene mutants do not exclude the possibility that other HIV-1 gene(s) may cooperate with nef to induce cyclin D1, particularly
Taken together, these data indicate that induction of cyclin D 1 expression requires HIV-1 gene expression and that HIV-1 nef is important for this induction.
The following results of this study suggest that HIV-1 expression leads to cyclin D 1 -mediated G 1 → S progression in infected podocytes: cyclin D 1 transcript and protein levels are markedly up-regulated, phospho-Rb (Ser780) levels are increased, cyclin D 1 protein and phospho-Rb (Ser780) levels do not decrease with podocyte cell-cell contact and differentiation, and the up-regulation of cyclin D 1 requires the expression of HIV-1 genes, particularly HIV-1 nef.
Analysis of cyclin D 1 transcript levels in podocytes infected with HIV-1 singly mutated with premature stop codons in the genes encoding the various structural and regulatory proteins of HIV-1 (except tat , which is present in every virus) showed that nef -deficient virus did not significantly up-regulate cyclin D 1 expression when compared to the other mutant viruses (Figure 5).
For instance, HIV-1 infection is able to down-regulate major histocompatibility complex type I (MHC-I) by various different viral proteins, including Tat which represses the transcription of MHC-I, Vpu which retains nascent MHC-I chains in the endoplasmic reticulum, and Nef which can mediate selective internalization of MHC-I molecules from the plasma membrane.
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