Example sentences for: mutualism

How can you use “mutualism” in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:

  • Perhaps it is time to explore the rich set of possibilities between mutualism and the Prisoner's Dilemma".

  • T > R > S > P), one enters a new game, "chicken" (also called the "snowdrift" or "hawk-dove" game), in which one no longer necessarily expects mutual defection [ 4 ] . Indeed, if R > T and S > P, then the game becomes "mutualism," in which players are expected to cooperate all the time, regardless of what the opponent does [ 7 ] .

  • One of the heralded potential examples, predator "inspection" in shoaling fish [ 21 ] has proved something of a controversy [ 20 ] . Various authors have questioned whether the observed behaviour is cooperation maintained by reciprocity in a Prisoner's Dilemma at all, rather than simple by-product mutualism [ 22 ] or some other mechanism [ 23 24 ] . In general, other candidate models to explain altruism among non-relatives have tended to be ignored [ 19 25 26 ] , and the usefulness of Prisoner's Dilemma as a paradigm for the study of cooperation is beginning to be brought into question [ 27 ] .

  • These authors (Clements & Stephens) were interested in suggesting mutualism as an alternative model of cooperative behaviour to the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma (IPD), after finding no empirical evidence for the latter in experimental settings.

  • These microbes have piqued the interest of evolutionary biologists because they represent a wide spectrum of evolutionary strategies, ranging from obligate mutualism to reproductive parasitism (Buchner 1965; Ishikawa 2003) (Box 1; Table 1).


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