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Example sentences for: johne
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Johne's disease, also called paratuberculosis, is a chronic granulomatous enteritis of ruminant animals caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis ( M. paratuberculosis ). While Johne's disease can end in death of the animal, the economic impact of this disease is much more significant [ 1 2 ] . Losses are estimated to be $200/clinically infected cow/year and are a result of animal culling, reduced milk production, poor reproductive performance, and reduced carcass value [ 1 3 ] . Research on the pathogenesis and immunology of M. paratuberculosis infections of cattle is necessary to allow design of more rational diagnostic and control procedures.
The mechanism that enables M. paratuberculosis to persist within cattle for several years remains unclear as high moi are not likely observed at early stages of Johne's disease.
The site of infection is the gastrointestinal tract, where it causes a chronic inflammatory ailment termed Johne's disease [ 5 ] . In contrast, M. avium is common in the environment, causes tuberculosis in birds, and disseminated infections in HIV patients [ 6 ] . Growth of M. paratuberculosis is characterized by its slow rate (doubling time of 22-26 hours, compared to 10-12 hours for M. avium ) and requirement of mycobactin in culture media [ 5 ] . With the absence of a well-defined genetic system for M. paratuberculosis , a comparative genomic approach holds great potential in addressing the genetic basis for many of these phenotypic differences.
16, was cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (MEM; Life Technologies) supplemented with 10% defined fetal calf serum (Hyclone Laboratories) at 37°C in 5% CO 2 . Because phagocytosis of mycobacteria was shown to be enhanced with complement protein C3 [ 40 ] , macrophages were infected with M. paratuberculosis in the presence of 10% serum from a clinical cow with Johne's disease.
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