Words similar to intermembrane
Example sentences for: intermembrane
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Fridovich and colleagues first noticed the presence of SOD1 in the intermembrane space in liver mitochondria [ 37 ] . Although this was disputed later [ 38 39 ] , recent experiments in yeast and mammalian cells reaffirmed the presence of both wild type and mutant SOD1 in the intermembrane space of mitochondria [ 21 25 26 40 ] . This finding suggests that mutant SOD1 could directly damage mitochondria by its toxicity.
Our previous study showed that functional decline of mitochondria appears in the SOD1 G93Amice as early as 60 to 100 days of age [ 22 ] . This precedes the peak of mitochondrial vacuolation and the onset of the disease by two to three months [ 15 ] . Mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to energy deficiency and ionic imbalance [ 68 ] , elevated ROS and oxidative damage [ 69 ] , and increased sensitivity of neurons to excitotoxicity [ 19 70 71 72 ] . These effects could precipitate MVISE, which trigger cell death programs by releasing pro-apoptotic proteins resided in the mitochondrial intermembrane space, such as cytochrome c, AIF, SMAC/DIABLO, endo G and Htra/Omi [ 73 ] . The absence of cytochrome c in the porous large vacuoles and the presence of cytochrome c in the small vacuoles (Fig.
Patterns of mitochondrial abnormalities revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) suggest a model of vacuole formation by extension of mitochondrial outer membrane and expansion of the intermembrane space (Fig.
Cpt1 transfers acyl residues from CoA to carnitine in the intermembrane space of the inner mitochondrial membrane, and has a regulatory role in controlling hepatic β-oxidation [ 50 ] . Cpt2 transfers carnitinoyl residues to CoA in the mitochondrial matrix for β-oxidation.
These observations agree with an earlier suggestion that vacuoles in the SOD1 G93Amouse model of ALS are derived from the expansion of mitochondrial intermembrane space [ 17 ] . Our subsequent experiments confirm this model.
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