Words similar to interleukin-
Example sentences for: interleukin-
How can you use “interleukin-” in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:
Biological studies have demonstrated increased levels of CD3+/CD25+ lymphocytes [ 5 ] , HTLV-I proviral load and HTLV-I tax/rex mRNA expression [ 6 7 ] , HTLV-I specific IgA [ 8 ] , soluble interleukin-2 receptors [ 9 ] , beta-chemokines [ 7 ] and soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) [ 10 ] , in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from HTLV-I infected humans.
In particular, even a low level of viremia correlates with a low or undetectable frequency of interleukin-2-producing HIV-1-specific memory CD4+ T cells endowed with proliferative capacity in vitro [36,37,38,39], thus abrogating CD4+ T cell help crucial to maintain efficacy of CD8+ T cell functions.
Other investigators described differences of the same order of magnitude between mouse strains in expression of transgenes encoding α1-antitrypsin [ 1 ] , interleukin-12 [ 2 ] , and human endostatin [ 3 ] . These differences in transgene expression between inbred species may have clinical implications, as differences between inbred strains are considered to reflect differences between individuals of an outbred species.
The transcription factors NF-κB and CREB have been reported to activate COX-2 in LPS-stimulated monocytes and macrophages in vitro [ 48 49 ] . Moreover, endotoxin-induced increases in neutrophil TNF-α, as well as interleukin-1β and MIP-2 in vivo appear to be mediated by NF-κB and CREB [ 21 ] . We found that activated NF-κB and CREB were present in the nucleus of adherent vascular lung neutrophils from endotoxemic, but not control rats, suggesting that these transcription factors play a role in increased responsiveness of the cells.
Once in the tissue, monocytes undergo the poorly understood process of transformation to macrophages with altered morphology and function [ 19 ] . In arthritis, synovial macrophages might cause joint destruction by differentiating to bone-resorbing osteoclasts [ 20 ] or by releasing cartilage-degrading enzymes and cytokines, such as interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α [ 8 ] . It has therefore been suggested that therapies for chronic arthritis should be aimed at depleting joint mononuclear cells or controlling the activation of synovial macrophages [ 21 ] . Indeed, elimination of macrophages by clodronate-laden liposomes in rat models of adjuvant [ 22 ] and antigen-induced arthritis [ 23 ] induces amelioration of the arthritis.
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