Words similar to inter-patient
Example sentences for: inter-patient
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Typically, multiple arrays are compared, with those gene expression changes showing the most consistent fold changes prioritized, although other methods have been reported [ 13 22 26 27 ] . To study inter-patient variability, we defined the gene expression changes surviving four pairwise comparisons with mixed control samples, as we have previously described [ 23 ] . Briefly, four comparisons were done by Affymetrix software (eg.
intra-patient variability [different regions of biopsy], versus diagnosis [DMD vs control], versus inter-patient variability [DMD patients in same age group], versus age of patient).
This showed that sample mixing does indeed average out tissue heterogeneity (intra-patient variability), as well as inter-patient variability.
Epidemiologically, HLA genotype partially accounts for inter-patient variation in disease severity or progression rates for such long-term viral infections as HIV, human T-cell lymphotropic virus, type 1 (HTLV-1), and hepatitis B and C [ 5 6 7 8 9 ] . Such associations can lead to mechanistic studies to test hypotheses about the immunologic basis of these associations [ 10 11 ] and could, in principle, be used to help predict individual prognoses [ 12 13 ] . At least one clinical study has shown that HLA genotype affects the immune response to a candidate HIV vaccine [ 14 ] . Vaccine designers have begun to take account of the HLA genotypes of potential recipients in choosing antigens for inclusion in a vaccine [ 15 ] , and it has been suggested that HLA genotype be considered in designing samples for inclusion in epidemiologic studies of anti-HIV immune response [ 12 ] . In evolutionary biology, the possibility that HLA heterozygotes are more resistant to infectious diseases is the basis for a leading hypothesis to explain the unparalleled diversity of HLA genes (and MHC genes in other vertebrates) and the maintenance of this diversity over long periods of evolutionary time [ 16 ] .
We have recently reported generation of expression profiling results using mixed patient samples [ 23 ] . Our hypothesis was that mixing of RNA samples from multiple regions of muscle biopsies, and from multiple patients matched for most variables (disease, age, sex), would effectively normalize both intra-patient variability (tissue heterogeneity), and inter-patient variability (SNP noise; e.g. normal human polymorphic variation unrelated to the primary defect).
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