Words similar to humoral
Example sentences for: humoral
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T helper epitopes have become common components of synthetic vaccine constructs due to their ability to provide immunological help for both humoral and cell-mediated responses [ 11 14 15 16 ] . T cell epitopes that can induce helper activity by binding to a wide range of HLA-DR alleles have been developed by a number of investigators using various antigen systems [ 17 18 19 ] . T cell epitopes that have the property of binding across a wide range of HLA-DR haplotypes are necessary for the construction of synthetic vaccines that would be useful in the human population as a whole.
Among beta-cell autoantigens, GAD65 is an important initial target of the immune response that results in beta-cell destruction and diabetes, in both humans and NOD mice [ 6 7 8 9 ] . While both humoral and cellular responses to GAD65 occur as early as 4 weeks of age in NOD mice [ 8 ] , there is considerable evidence that beta-cell-specific T H 1 cells are the effectors of T1DM, whereas T H 2 cells appear to have a protective role [ 10 ] . Accordingly, a shift of the autoimmune response from T H 1 to T H 2 predominance has represented a promising strategy for prevention of diabetes and other T H 1-mediated autoimmune diseases.
In addition to triggering cellular immune responses, invading pathogens also activate humoral reactions.
A prominent humoral abnormality in SSc is manifested by the presence of anti-nuclear antibodies [ 5].
In mice, multiple different routes of DNA immunization have been used successfully [ 3 ] . Particle bombardment of skin is reported to be superior to both intra-dermal and intra-muscular needle and syringe injection for induction of immunity in mice when compared directly [ 4 5 6 7 8 ] . In Aotus monkeys and pigs, intra-dermal administration of DNA vaccine by needle and syringe is reported to be more effective at inducing an immune response than intra-muscular administration by needle and syringe [ 9 10 ] . High-volume jet injection (500 μl) of either 100 or 1000 μg DNA into ovine muscle or mammary gland [ 11 12 ] or 500 μg DNA into four separate muscle sites in rabbits [ 13 ] induces humoral immunity.
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