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Example sentences for: hmgcs
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Genes such as Cd36, Cyp2b9, Hmgcs2, and Ech1 were induced more than 4-fold when Wy-14,643 (a PPARα-specific agonist) was administered to mice for 2 weeks.
These same conclusions regarding energy expenditure were reached in experiments assessing enzymatic activities, and transcriptional changes in rat liver using Northern blots, where fish oil feeding: increased palmitoyl CoA mitochondrial and peroxisomal oxidation rate; increased Cpt1, Cpt2, Δ 3, Δ 2-enoyl CoA isomerase, and Ech1 expression and activity; and decreased expression and activity of FA synthase, malic enzyme, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate kinase, compared to palm and/or safflower oil feeding [ 93 ] . Likewise, in rat white retroperitoneal adipose tissue, fish oil feeding also decreased Fasn expression [ 94 ] . Intriguingly, the hormone leptin, which also acts through SREBP-1 and PPARα, affected many transcripts similarly to LC-PUFA ( e.g. , leptin decreased Gpam and Apoa4 transcripts; and up regulated Ech1, mitochondrial Hmgcs2, and Cyp4a14 transcripts [ 95 ] .
Numerous hepatic genes containing SRE promoters were regulated by LC-PUFA in the present experiments, including SREBP-1 itself (consistent with [ 35 36 ] ). Also regulated were genes involved in triacylglycerol synthesis (Gpam), FA synthesis and elongation (Acas1, Acly, FA synthase, Spot14, Elovl2; Elovl2 may speculatively contain an SRE as described by Moon and colleagues [ 35 ] ), FA desaturation (Scd1), gluconeogenesis (Pck1), cytochrome p450 metabolism (Cyp4a-10 and -14), FA transport (Cd36), cholesterol metabolism and transport (Fpps), and ketone body formation (mitochondrial Hmgcs2).
Mitochondrial Hmgcs2 is known to be induced by PPARα activation in experiments with hepatocytes [ 72 73 ] . The cytosolic form involved in cholesterol biosynthesis was not affected.
Mitochondrial Hmgcs2, which is involved in ketogenesis, was up regulated, particularly with the combination diet (1.
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