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Example sentences for: hesperidin
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The mutagenicity-reducing activity per weight of peels of citrus fruits was considerably higher than that of their juices [ 16 ] . The two main compositional differences between peel and juice components are that the peel contains a higher concentration of ascorbic acid than the juice, and that the peel also contains higher concentrations of active components (d-limonene, hesperidin, naringin, and auraptene) than do the juice and pulp.
Scorpion venom when injected exerts a strong inflammatory response [ 11 ] . Many plant species used against stings contain compounds with antiinflammatory properties, flavonoids (rutin, hesperidin, quercetin), coumarins (bergapten), coumestans (wedelolactone), triterpenes, sterols and saponins [ 38 11 ] . The mechanism of action of the flavonoids is based on the inhibition of enzymatic steps in the arachidonic acid cascade [ 38 ] . Plant compounds that are immunostimulants at very low doses are some alkaloids, quinones, isobutylamides, phenolcarboxylic acid esters and terpenoids [ 39 ] . Other plant compounds with immunostimulatory effects are sesquiterpene lactones [ 40 ] . Many polysaccharides and glycoproteins enhance the unspecific immune system by activating the phagocytotic activity of granulocytes and macrophages, or by inducing cytokine production or influencing complement factors [ 39 ] .
utilis) that produce a dose-related increase in the clotting time of blood induced by carpet viper venom ( Echis carinatus ) would be useful against bites from Bothrops species that cause haemorrhage at the point of injection due to the inhibition of the clotting mechanism [ 40 ] . Antivenom compounds so far isolated from plants include protocatechuic acid, a catechin-gallo-catechin tannin, caffeic acid derivatives (chlorogenic acid, cynarin), coumarins (bergapten), flavonoids (rutin, isoscutellarein, kaempferol, quercetin, hesperidin), ar-turmerone, alkaloids (aristolochic acid), triterpenoids, triterpenes, coumestans (wedelolactone), sterols (sitosterol, stigmasterol, beta-amyrin), triterpenoid glycosides, alkaloids (allantoin) and lignoflavonoids [ 43 40 44 42 ] . Many relevant compounds are widely distributed nitrogen-free, low molecular weight compounds (except aristolochic acid, an untypical non-basic, nitro-derivative) [ 38 ] . The structural similarities of certain plant chemicals found in plants used for snakebites are an isoflavone skeleton, acidic nature and dioxygenated functionality [ 44 ] .
d-Limonene, which comprises > 90% of citrus peel oil, has demonstrated chemopreventive activity against a variety of chemically induced rodent cancers [ 17 18 19 20 21 22 ] . Several mechanisms of action may account for the antitumor activities of d-limonene [ 23 24 25 ] . Among citrus bioflavonoids, hesperidin and naringin have been tested as potential chemopreventive agents [ 26 27 ] . In our previous studies, we showed that citrus peel use [ 28 ] and consumption of hot (strong) black tea [ 29 ] were each independently associated with reduced risk of skin SCC.
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