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Example sentences for: hammerhead
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These levels of ligand-dependent activation were similar to those observed with the original hammerhead aptazyme constructs, [ 21 ] and it may prove possible to use in vitro selection to further optimize activation [ 13 14 ] . However, when the time course data were fit with a single exponential equation, the rates of the initial reactions turned out to be very similar in both the presence and absence of theophylline (Table 2).
In vivo studies have supported the conclusion that CBP/p300 are components of the hormonal-regulation of transcription in fibroblasts isolated from a p300-/- mouse; and loss of the p300 gene severely affects retinoic acid (RA)-dependent transcription [ 91 ] . In a separate study using hammerhead ribozymes that specifically cleave CBP or p300 mRNA, Kawasaki et al [ 92 ] reported that reduced cellular CBP or p300 levels resulted in compromised expression of endogenous RA-inducible genes such as p21/Waf1 and p27 cdk inhibitors.
For example, Herschlag and co-workers have previously shown that a nucleobase could complement an abasic site within the hammerhead ribozyme, restoring cleavage activity [ 1 ] . Similarly, Porta and Lizardi engineered a hammerhead ribozyme that assumed an inactive secondary structure; upon the addition of an oligonucleotide that disrupted the engineered secondary structure, the ribozyme was activated [ 2 ] . More recently, it has previously been shown that many selected nucleic acid binding species (aptamers) undergo conformational changes upon ligand binding [ 3 4 5 6 ] In addition, when aptamers are conjoined to ribozymes, the ligand-induced conformational changes in the aptamers frequently modulate the structures and hence the activities of the ribozymes [ 7 8 9 ] For example, binding of theophylline to the anti-theophylline aptamer [ 10 ] modulates the conformation of residue [ 11 12 ] and the overall stability of the aptamer [ 10 13 ] . Appending the anti-theophylline aptamer to the hammerhead ribozyme allowed cleavage activity to be modulated by 110-fold by theophylline [ 13 ] . Similarly, appending the anti-theophylline aptamer to a small ribozyme ligase (L1) generated an aptazyme that was activated 1,600-fold by saturating theophylline concentrations [ 14 ] .
It’s said to be a great place to see groups of hammerhead sharks as well as turtles and huge rays.
In this assay, the hammerhead ribozyme was able to cleave about 50% of the M6P/IGF2R target within 2 hr of incubation, and by 12 hrs, more than 90% of the M6P/IGF2R target was converted to the expected products (Fig.
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