Words similar to haemorrhagic
Example sentences for: haemorrhagic
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Studies in South America detail the pain and oedema at the bite site and manifestations of autonomic nervous system stimulation (vomiting, diarrhoea, sweating, hypersalivation, bradycardia) that may be attributed to serine protease in Lachesis muta venom which causes hypotension by releasing kinins from plasma kininogen [ 8 ] . There are also cases of bleeding distant from the bite site such as gingival haemorrhage, epistaxis, haemoptysis, haematuria, uterine bleeding, soft tissue haematomas and very infrequently intrathoracic or intrabdominal bleeding [ 35 ] . Complications in the bitten limb can include secondary infections by Gram-negative organisms and acute renal failure among others [ 8 ] . There is a bothrojacarin-like 27 kDa protein in Bothrops species venom [ 36 ] . Bothrojacarin forms a non-covalent complex with thrombin, blocking its ability to induce platelet aggregation and fibrinogen clotting [ 8 36 ] . Haemostatic effects in Lachesis muta venom are attributable to an alpha-fibrin(ogen)ase and haemorrhagic metalloproteinases (LHF-1 and LHF-II) which have alpha-fibrin(ogen)ase activity [ 8 ] .
While proteases, phospholipase A 2 and nucleotidases are responsible for the haemorrhagic lesions induced by Bothrops jararaca venom, most crotalid myotoxins are phospholipases and some exhibit proteolytic activities [ 12 ] . Crotalid snakes have a wide geographical distribution, this may contribute to differences in their venom composition [ 8 ] . Differences in venom composition may play a role in the effectiveness of the medicinal plants used for snakebites.
Passiflora quadrangularis leaf decoction is used by the Garífuna of Eastern Nicaragua for fevers, rashes and sores [ 50 ] . The leaf and branch decoction is used in Columbia in external baths for snakebites [ 139 ] . An extract of branches and leaves had moderate neutralizing ability against the haemorrhagic effect of Bothrops atrox venom in Columbia [ 35 ] . The plant contains passiflorene, nor-epinephrine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and flavonoids [ 107 50 ] .
These compounds may have played a role in the inhibitory effect observed, probably owing to the chelation of the zinc required for the catalytic activity of venom's haemorrhagic metalloproteinases [ 45 ] . Reduction in the intensity of the effects of envenomation could also be achieved by a neutralisation of the venom peptides, polypeptides, proteins and enzymes [ 38 11 ] . There are plants used for snakebite that act by inhibiting the proteolytic activities of the venom and antagonising crotoxin-induced haemolysis, myotoxic and haemorrhagic activities of crotalid venoms [ 46 ] .
Ethanolic extracts of the aerial parts of Eclipta prostrata (Asteraceae) neutralised the lethal activity of the venom of South American rattlesnake ( Crotalus durissus terrificus ), as well as the myotoxic and haemorrhagic effects of B. jararaca , B. jararacussu and Lachesis muta snake venoms when mixed in vitro before i.p.
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