Words similar to gram-negative
Example sentences for: gram-negative
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Bacteria are found in the bile of the gallbladder and bile ducts [ 15 16 ] , the presence of which may have relevance to clinical diseases such as stone formation [ 19 20 21 ] , primary sclerosing cholangitis [ 22 ] , and cholestasis [ 23 24 ] . Direct exposure of sub-epithelial tissue to LPS from gram-negative bacteria causes release of cytokines by resident leukocytes and activation of macrophages [ 25 ] . The biliary fluid of patients with cholangitis has increased concentrations of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 suggesting that bacterial infection leads to an increase in cytokines released into the bile [ 26 ] . Adding LPS to the bile of guinea pig gallbladders in vivo led to increased IL-1 concentration in the bile [ 27 ] . What role biliary epithelial cells play in the response to bacteria in bile is not known.
As mice of the C3H/HeJ strain are highly susceptible to infection by Gram-negative bacteria, it would seem plausible that among human patients with Gram-negative sepsis, some individuals may have been at risk by virtue of mutations in TLR4 . The first step in determining whether different isoforms of Tlr4 confer added risk of, or protection against, sepsis is the assessment of genetic variability at this locus in the normal population.
This two-component system is also present in several other Gram-negative bacteria and is associated with virulence, adaptation to Mg 2+-limiting environments and other cellular activities [ 15].
Additionally, osteoblasts were incubated with various concentrations of staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA; 10 ng/ml, 100 ng/ml, or 1 μg/ml), used here as a representative superantigen from S. aureus , or with a purified component of gram-negative bacteria, specifically lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 10 ng/ml, 100 ng/ml, or 1 μg/ml).
5%) Gram-negative bacilli and three (2.
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