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Example sentences for: gallbladder
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As described in this paper, MGBE were used as an in vitro model system of gallbladder epithelium to measure the endogenous production of cytokines and chemokines by extrahepatic biliary epithelial cells.
Dog gallbladder epithelial cells demonstrated increased mucin secretion following TNF-α treatment [ 10 ] . In addition, exogenous TNF-α altered the absorptive properties of cultured human gallbladder epithelial cells [ 37 ] . It is therefore reasonable to suggest that TNF-α produced by gallbladder epithelial cells in response to LPS could affect cellular function in an autocrine manner.
Bacteria are found in the bile of the gallbladder and bile ducts [ 15 16 ] , the presence of which may have relevance to clinical diseases such as stone formation [ 19 20 21 ] , primary sclerosing cholangitis [ 22 ] , and cholestasis [ 23 24 ] . Direct exposure of sub-epithelial tissue to LPS from gram-negative bacteria causes release of cytokines by resident leukocytes and activation of macrophages [ 25 ] . The biliary fluid of patients with cholangitis has increased concentrations of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 suggesting that bacterial infection leads to an increase in cytokines released into the bile [ 26 ] . Adding LPS to the bile of guinea pig gallbladders in vivo led to increased IL-1 concentration in the bile [ 27 ] . What role biliary epithelial cells play in the response to bacteria in bile is not known.
The production of cytokines by gallbladder epithelial cells following LPS exposure demonstrates that biliary epithelial cells may be an active partner with the immune system in the detection of and defense against bacteria in bile.
While the exact role that gallbladder epithelial cells play in inflammatory and infectious diseases has yet to be determined, our research supports the hypothesis that gallbladder epithelium have some innate cytokine-producing capabilities in response to the presence of bacteria on their apical surface.
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