Words similar to gallbladder
Example sentences for: gallbladder
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This demonstrates that gallbladder epithelial cells themselves secrete a cytokine in response to bacterial products.
Bacteria are found in the bile of the gallbladder and bile ducts [ 15 16 ] , the presence of which may have relevance to clinical diseases such as stone formation [ 19 20 21 ] , primary sclerosing cholangitis [ 22 ] , and cholestasis [ 23 24 ] . Direct exposure of sub-epithelial tissue to LPS from gram-negative bacteria causes release of cytokines by resident leukocytes and activation of macrophages [ 25 ] . The biliary fluid of patients with cholangitis has increased concentrations of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 suggesting that bacterial infection leads to an increase in cytokines released into the bile [ 26 ] . Adding LPS to the bile of guinea pig gallbladders in vivo led to increased IL-1 concentration in the bile [ 27 ] . What role biliary epithelial cells play in the response to bacteria in bile is not known.
As described in this paper, MGBE were used as an in vitro model system of gallbladder epithelium to measure the endogenous production of cytokines and chemokines by extrahepatic biliary epithelial cells.
To test this hypothesis, we used cultured normal mouse gallbladder epithelial cells (MGBE) as an in vitro model system to examine the ability of gallbladder epithelium to produce mRNA for various cytokines and chemokines.
Consider this classified ad from Ruth Sparrow, a 55-year-old woman who was $20,000 short for a needed gallbladder operation, which ran in the May 17, 1997, St. Petersburg Times under "medical supplies": "KIDNEY--Runs good, Taking offers.
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