Words similar to fentanyl
Example sentences for: fentanyl
How can you use “fentanyl” in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:
Finally the four weakest agonists, cyclazocine, dezocine, metazocine and xorphanol all exhibited efficacies that showed statistically significant difference when compared to fentanyl (p < 0.01), and thus were categorized as partial agonists.
In vivo , fentanyl is a strong analgesic agent in pharmacological doses due to its interaction with μ opioid receptors [ 19 ] . However, at higher toxic doses it shows general opioid toxicity symptoms in addition to muscular rigidity, which are reversible by naloxone.
It has been reported that stimulation of δ opioid receptors can cause inhibition of dopamine release in striatal pathways, resulting in muscular rigidity [ 19 ] . The present report shows that although fentanyl has low affinity and low potency at δ opioid receptor, it is highly efficacious at these receptors.
Based on receptor binding assays, fentanyl has an affinity for μ opioid receptors, that is 100-1000 fold higher than that for δ opioid receptors [ 23 24 ] . However, no published activation data for fentanyl at δ opioid receptors was available.
Our data clearly show that nalbuphine is a potent agonist at the μ opioid receptor with an efficacy similar to that of morphine, thus agreeing with in vivo data showing that morphine and nalbuphine are equally potent as analgesics [ 33 ] . However, other reports have described nalbuphine as a "mixed agonist/antagonist" with agonism at κ opioid receptors and antagonism at μ opioid receptors based on in vivo data [ 11 33 ] . This categorization is likely due to the fact that nalbuphine has been shown to reduce the ventilatory depressant effect of other opioids, while adding to their analgesic effect [ 33 ] . Nalbuphine is also used clinically to reduce the opioid-mediated side effects such as itching, without completely reversing the analgesic effects of the full agonists [ 34 35 36 ] . According to our data, although nalbuphine is clearly a potent agonist at μ receptors, its levels of agonism is significantly lower than the very efficacious drug fentanyl and the endogenous ligand β-endorphin.
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