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Example sentences for: extrusion
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The ars operon consists of a group of genes coding for a transmembrane pump and an arsenate reductase ( arsC ). The operon includes a regulatory gene ( arsR ) and a gene coding for an arsenite-specific pump ( arsB ) as well as arsC [ 13 ] . Arsenite is pumped directly out of the cell by the arsB protein; however arsenate must first be reduced to arsenite by the cytoplasmic arsenate reductase coded from arsC . Some bacteria also possess other ars genes: arsA produces an arsenite-stimulated ATPase [ 14 ] that results in more efficient arsenite extrusion; arsD encodes for a regulatory protein that controls the upper level of ars expression [ 15 ] ; arsH has been identified but has an uncertain function [ 16 ] . The ars operon was initially recognized in plamids of Staphylococcus aureus and S. xylosus [ 17 18 ] but has subsequently been found in other microorganisms (e.g.
The presence of one or more micronuclei in peripheral erythrocytes in mice is an accepted marker of chromosomal breakage or loss that occurred prior to the extrusion of the nucleus during erythrocyte differentiation.
The extrusion of electron dense fibro-granular material into the descemet's membrane is also a common finding observed in a number of previous studies [ 20 21 27 28 29 ] and has been attributed to acoustic shock waves by irradiation [ 24 ] or the distraction of the epithelial integrity after trauma [ 29 ] . The presence of this finding in only one of our specimens may be related to the homogenous and smooth removal of the corneal epithelium with the rotating brush.
The coordinated vitamin D-dependent induction of the cytosolic calcium-binding protein calbindin D could serve this function when the need for transcellular calcium flux is high by acting directly or indirectly as a molecular sponge and selectively removing calcium ions from the CaT1 channel and/or to buffer increases in intracellular calcium, thereby preventing premature inactivation of this I CRAC channel [ 15 ] . Calbindin D could also play its traditionally conceived role as a calcium chaperone protein to facilitate the transfer of calcium through the cytosol [ 32 ] and perhaps delivery of Ca ++to the basolateral ATP-dependent calcium pump for extrusion out of the enterocyte [ 33 ] .
MG-132 is a peptide aldehyde that inhibits ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis by binding to and inactivating 20S and 26S proteasomes [ 49 62 ] . Although 1-10 μM MG-132 inhibited first polar body extrusion in rat oocytes, its activity is reversible [ 42 ] . We conducted preliminary experiments to obtain a MG-132 dose range that would transiently perturb or inhibit OM during meiosis I while enabling oocytes to complete OM following washing out of the compound.