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Example sentences for: erks

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In one study, the β 2 -AR activates ERK through it's coupling to a PTX-sensitive G i protein and subsequent Ras activation [ 24 ] , while, in another, ERK phosphorylation occurred in a PTX-independent and a G s - and cAMP-dependent fashion [ 25 ] . Furthermore, these studies indicate that the same receptor may activate ERKs via one mechanism when it is endogenously expressed and via another when it is transfected into a cell line [ 25 ] .
In EGF pre-treated cultures, acute EGF (10 ng/ml) was unable to increase the expression of phospho-ERKs compared to media-exposed controls (Figure 6).
However, the signal transduction pathway, MAPK, has been shown to control and be upstream of DNA-replication, transcription, and cell cycle pathways [ 52 53 54 ] . The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, consisting of the MAP kinase kinases (MKKs) 1 and 2, and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) 1 and 2, which have been implicated in diverse cellular processes including proliferation, transformation, and cell differentiation [ 53 ] . The MAP kinase (MAPK) pathway has emerged as a crucial route between membrane-bound Ras and the nucleus.
EGFR, IR, or PDGFR) stimulate ERKs [ 22 23 ] , no single sequence of events appears to hold among GPCRs, even when they are expressed in the same cell line.
These data suggest that the tyrosine phosphorylation of GPCRs may allow them to signal ERKs in the absence of RTK or FAK phosphorylation by acting as their own scaffolds.