Words similar to endoplasmic
Example sentences for: endoplasmic
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PLD1 is an extracellular signal-activated phospholipase; its activity rises when receptors for certain hormones, growth factors, neurotransmitters, cytokines, and other mediators are activated, and upon treatment of cells with phorbol esters (reviewed in [ 7 8 ] ). Studies using recombinant PLD1 tagged with green fluorescent protein or Flu-epitopes indicate that it is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, late endosomes, and plasma membrane ( [ 6 ] , reviewed in [ 7 ] ). In vitro, basal PLD1 activity is usually low and can be stimulated by a variety of factors, including phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate (PIP 2 ), protein kinase C (PKC), and several small GTPases, e.g.
In neurons, GADD153 is selectively upregulated under conditions of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress arising from depletion of calcium stores [ 26 ] . Here, the upregulation of GADD153 was observed after mefloquine treatment in NG108 cells (10 μM for 2 h).
These changes include astrogliosis, fragmentation of Golgi apparatus, SOD1 aggregation and vacuolar degeneration [ 7 11 12 13 14 ] . Vacuolar degeneration is most prominent at the onset of the disease and precedes motoneuron death by two to three months [ 15 ] . Although the high expresser line of SOD1 G93Ashowed vacuoles derived from both endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria [ 13 ] , the lower expresser line of SOD1 G93A, which more closely mimics the human SOD1 levels [ 16 ] , showed vacuoles that are nearly all developed from degenerating mitochondria [ 15 17 ] . Mitochondrial vacuolation was also reported in another transgenic line SOD1 G37R [ 7 ] .
Mancini et al . reported that caspase-2 was localized at the Golgi complex and generated a unique cleavage product of golgin-160 [ 29 ] . Furthermore, these investigators proposed that the Golgi complex transduces proapoptotic signals [ 29 ] . A precedent for this hypothesis was provided by Nakagawa et al ., who reported that caspase-12 is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and mediates an endoplasmic reticulum-specific apoptosis pathway [ 33 ] . In the present study, we have found that all Golgi autoantigens examined were cleaved in apoptosis in a caspase-dependent manner, as evidenced by studies showing that the pan-caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk completely blocked the apoptotic fragmentation of these antigens.
In contrast, sα i2 was not detected at plasma membranes, but instead typically displayed an intracellular and perinuclear staining pattern (Figure 2Band 2D), consistent with localization to intracellular membranes as previously described [ 3 4 ] . The subcellular localization of sα i2 showed overlap in immunofluorescent staining with the Golgi protein, β-COP (Figure 3Aand 3B) and the endoplasmic reticulum protein PDI (Figure 3Cand 3D); localization of sα i2 exclusively to Golgi was not observed, even at the lowest levels of detection.
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