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Example sentences for: effector
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Therefore, a potential concern was that the in vitro priming protocol might select for cells that are already committed to IFN-γ or IL-4 production, rather than generate new effector cells.
in vitro cultures, which is in contrast to synovial membrane T cells [ 17 18 ] . This may suggest that the skewed phenotype of the CD45RA +CD62L -effector memory CD8 +T cells is more likely due to an increase in the migration of these cells into sites of inflammation.
Fas contains a single transmembrane domain and belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)/nerve growth factor family [ 8 ] . FasL contains a single transmembrane domain and is also a member of the same TNF family [ 9 ] . A soluble form of FasL has been described, but appears to be less capable of inducing apoptosis, when compared with the bound form [ 10 11 ] . The binding of FasL with Fas initiates receptor oligomerization, which recruits Fas-associated death domain (FADD) [ 12 ] . FADD binds procaspase-8 and permits activation of caspase-8 through self-cleavage [ 13 ] . Caspase-8 activates the effector caspases, which commits the cell to the orderly process of apoptosis [ 14 15 ] . In addition, caspase-8 cleaves Bcl-2-interactive-death-agonist (Bid) [ 16 ] . Truncated Bid localizes to the mitochondria and promotes cytochrome c release; this process also serves as a major apoptotic-signaling pathway for Fas [ 16 17 18 ] . Depending upon the amount of caspase-8 that is activated, the predominant pathway can be either Bid cleavage with subsequent mitochondrial release of cytochrome c or activation of the effector caspase pathway [ 18 ] . Resident cells of the kidney express both Fas and FasL and Fas/FasL signaling is functional in these cells [ 19 20 21 22 23 24 ] . A recent review by Ortiz and associates [ 25 ] noted that the combined literature demonstrating participation of Fas/FasL pathway in renal injury essentially fulfilled Koch's postulates.
An overnight bacterial culture that contained the td gene divided by the aptazyme Th2P6 was inoculated into fresh, minimal media, effector was added, and growth was continuously monitored.
As shown in Table 1, Tm were isolated from matching RAPB and RASF, and were cultured under conditions that optimized the generation of IL-4-secreting effector cells [ 17].
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