Words similar to downstream
Example sentences for: downstream
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The repeat regions and approximately 200-bp of upstream and downstream flanking sequence were individually compared to the Brucella melitensis biovar 1 and Brucella suis biovar 1 published genome sequences.
Signals are typically relayed downstream by the EPK through the covalent transfer of the terminal phosphate group from ATP or GTP to serine, threonine or tyrosine residues of substrate proteins [ 7].
pct1 +or pce1 +; L4, a 20-mer corresponding to the antisense-strand sequence of the 3'-flanking region ~1 kb downstream of stop codon of pct1 +or pce1 +. In the first-stage PCR, a 5'-flanking fragment was synthesized using S. pombe genomic DNA as the template and LI plus L2 as primers.
Among genes that are stimulated by FSH/cAMP during the period of maturation of Sertoli cells (15 to 20 days of age in rats), are several subunits of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), the serine/threonine kinase mainly responsible for the downstream effects of FSH [ 15 ] . Expression of the RIIβ regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase is highly induced (50-fold) at the mRNA level in primary cultures of rat Sertoli cells as a late response to cAMP peaking at 12 hours [ 16 ] . We have demonstrated that expression of CAAT/Enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ) is induced by cAMP with rapid kinetics in Sertoli cells, and that C/EBPβ is responsible for induction of late response genes like the RIIβ-gene [ 17 ] . The RIIβ promoter contains a conserved E-box/HLH element in the basal promoter localized at -280 to -275 relative to the functional ATG [ 18 ] . This element is shown to be important for cAMP-responsiveness in granulosa cells, and it has been shown to bind both USF and Myc in CHO and NB2a cells [ 18 19 ] . In this work, we show that USF isoforms may regulate cAMP responsiveness of the RIIβ promoter by modulating the effect of C/EBP, and that the formation of USF isoforms may be regulated by cAMP in Sertoli cells.
The expected nucleotide probabilities were estimated from the observed nucleotide frequencies over all sites for 80 Euascomycetes rRNA sequences (A = 26%, C = 22%, G = 27%, T = 25% [ 12 ] ). The nucleotides were turned upside-down when the observed frequency was less than expected [ 45 ] . A total of 43 spliceosomal intron sites, for which 50 nt of both upstream and downstream exon sequence are available, were included in this analysis.
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